The Supreme Court And Government By The People Essays - Free Essays

The Supreme Court And Government By The People Essays - Free Essays The Supreme Court And Government By The People Jason I. Explain the distinction between substance and process and the importance of the distinction for the issues discussed in this course. Over the past few yearsthe courtholding that henceforth, before it can be determined that you Are entitled to due process at all, and thus necessarily before it can be decided what process is due, you must show that what you have been deprived of amounts to a liberty interest or perhaps a property interest. (Ely, p.19) Just as a skilled magician will deliberately show his empty top hat to the audience right before he pulls a rabbit out by its ears, so was judicial review pulled out of thin air. Judicial review has opened the floodgates of substantive procedures in the courts, which refer to content based decisions made by judges, as a tool employed in matters of judicial review and has become the dominant means of legislating in areas which would not otherwise be open to legal re-interpretation. In essence substance refers to the ability and right of judges to employ their own values in rendering decisions concerning a case at hand or in the past, reflecting a non-interpretivist approach to legislating. Such decisions are grounded in the Substantive Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (a doctrine created by Justice Taney in the Dred Scott case itself derived from the Fifth amendment), which ostensibly provides citizens protection from the state governments. Substance also refers to moral ity and decisions based on natural law as opposed to positivism. Process is at the heart of democracy because it reflects the legitimate method by which a community can enact laws in a system of representative democracy; to that end, the principal virtue of a process oriented political system is its independence of concurrent political, moral, or societal pressures. These issues are obviously paramount in studying social reform and the role of the courts (judges) as legislators or guardians of correct legislative practice. #2 Explain Elys account of prejudice and the role it plays in his theory of judicial review. So stereotypes, at least in the ordinary sense of that term, are the inevitable stuff of legislation.(Ely, p.156) Ely describes prejudice as a lens distorting reality, that blinds us to overlapping interests which in fact exist. In reference to the treatment of minorities and blacks in particular, prejudice in the legislative levels of government is the basis of laws which put a minority group without adequate, if any representation or voice at a disadvantage without reference to some worthy social goal and at the judicial level implies a consensus of solicitude among the judiciary toward such discrete and insular groups within society. The other type of prejudice involves suspicious classifications, or stereotypes that may disadvantage groups but still is within the boundaries of democracy; this type of classification is considered harmful by Ely when we consider the presence of undue stereotypes that are discovered in previous acts of legislation. Ely asserts a more interperetivist approach although he concedes the practical implausibility of such an approach because of the inability of the co nstitution to forsee all possible situations. In the final analysis, Ely thinks in a representative democracy laws should agree with those values which are fundamental in the constitution (and surrounding historical documents) and which obligates, without undue discrimination obligates all to obey, despite a plurality of perspectives. Finally, Ely offers up that because matters of racial, sexual, moral and other prejudices are essentially primae facia in terms of what constitutes discrimination, a process-based model for the Supreme Court would be optimal, the only difficult being hard cases. #3 Explain Dworkins critique of Elys theory. In qny case, judicial review of the political processes only polices democracy; it does not seek to override it as judicial review of substance doesMy point in this essay is that both ways end in failure, and in the same sort of failure. (Dworkin, p.34) Dworkin called Elys Democracy and Distrust interesting and he obviously saw some merit in Elys claims; however, Dworkin analyzed Elys four main assertions and accepted only the first (that judicial review should be concerned with process legislation rather than the substantive decisions made by judges). Dworkin disagreed with Ely on his second point,

Androstendione essays

Androstendione essays Androstenedione is one of the leading supplements in body building nutrition. Many serious bodybuilders use androstenedione to further help increase their lean muscle size and strength. Androstenedione helps the body build lean mass through the extra supplementation of testosterone. This drug has helped many accomplish what they are looking for but at a price. Androstenedione is also one of the most controversial supplements on the market. It has many side effects and is even been said to cause cancer. Many people do not know the true chemistry behind this drug that makes it all work. Androstenedione is produced in the body from either 17-a-hydroxyprogesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). It is also found in meat and in the pollen of the Scotch Pine Tree. Since this natural testosterone precursor occurs naturally in plants and in the human body, it falls within the classification of a dietary supplement under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). Androstenediones chemical name is 4-androstene 3, 17-dione. It is naturally produced in the adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes and can be converted directly by the liver into testosterone. This chart shows a little more information concerning the true chemistry behind this product. Characteristics: White Crystalline powder As you can see, androstenedione is very similar to that of pure testosterone. This is how it can be so functional because it just increases a chemical that is already in the body. The pictures on the following page also display some additional information regarding the molecular structures of testosterone, androstenedione and other related chemicals. Androstenedione is the most controversial sports supplement there is. This supplement may do a lot of good for most people but they do not tru ...

Leader interview Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leader interview - Term Paper Example 3-What is your definition of leadership? Leadership, as the name implies, is the term used for leading others. Leading essentially involves supervising, guiding, and administering the team. A leader plans the course of action and assigns roles and responsibilities to the most suitable individuals. A leader identifies the skills of individual team members and makes best use of them. 4-In your opinion what does a leader do that distinguishes him or her from others? A leader serves as a role model for the whole team. The team members imitate the leader in their mannerism, behavior, approach and style of work. The leader assumes the decision making power. The leader is responsible for the whole team while each follower is responsible for his own part of the work. This is the most fundamental element that distinguishes him from others. 5-Do you believe there is a difference between managing and leading? The interface between managing and leading is very blurred and it is often hard to det ermine it, though there do exist certain difference between leading and managing. The leader essentially assumes the decision making power whereas a manager may or may not have the decision making power. A leader is also a manager but a manager is not always a leader. In the usual setting, manager manages things in order to facilitate the work and minimize the inconveniences in the way of accomplishment of the leader’s goals. 6-what is your personal philosophy of leadership? Leadership is a multitude of skills needed to control the audience in a certain setting and for a certain time period to achieve certain goals of mutual interest to the leader as well a as the followers. 7-what skills have you acquired that have been most helpful to you as a leader? Patience, consistency, and foresightedness are three primary skills needed to be a good leader. 8-How would you characterize your style of leadership? My style of leadership is democratic. I give the followers space to speak t heir minds out so that I may find good advice if I can. 9-Who do you consider being great leader? Why? The great leader holds equally accountable for his actions like his followers. He is crystal-clear in his vision and has reasonable justifications to convince the audience to embrace his vision. The leader rewards the followers when they achieve their assigned tasks. The leader is foresighted; he identifies and removes all hindrances in the way of followers. The leader has high self-esteem. He encourages change and innovation and is able to implement the change within the organization. These qualities are important in order to be a great leader because they earn an individual the trust and confidence of the followers. 10- Who have been influential people for you in terms of leadership? Person that has influenced me the most as a leader is Adolf Hitler. I totally adore and appreciate the fact that Hitler came from an altogether non-political background and ended up becoming one of t he biggest ands most talked about leaders in the world. Adolf Hitler’s most obvious leadership trait was bravery and straight-forwardness. An individual without a good fill of these two qualities in his/her nature is not eligible to be called as a leader. 11-How did you learn leadership? Leadership is learnt through practice and responsibility. Even the most casual and

Non-Governmental Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Non-Governmental Organization - Essay Example In spite of that, an NGO is never constituted as a political party, a criminal group, a government body, or a violent guerilla agency. (Willetts, 2002); (Baehr; Gordenker, 1986) In 1910, around 132 international NGOs formed a coalition under the name, the Union of International Associations. At that time, the NGOs had a variety of names for themselves including international institutes, international unions, and international organizations. Although the initial scheme of the UN charter did not consider any plan to combine forces with private organizations, a grand meeting at the San Francisco conference changed this fact. Thence came into being the United Nations, in 1945. The participation of NGOs in UN greatly increased its role in the social and economic issues around the world, and it also raised the status of the Economic and Social Council to a principal organ. So, in order to differentiate the two types of organizations involved in the UN, specialized agencies was the term set for organizations formed by intergovernmental agreements, while non-governmental organizations was set for private agencies. Both these terms were entered into the official UN vocabulary, but NGO gained a much larger popularity, especially since the 1970's, and so entered into general use. (Willetts, 2002) Growth The number of NGOs increased exponentially after the Second World War, at the national and local level. On the international level, NGOs came into being supporting global issues like human rights, rights of women, and maintenance of the environment. Along with these issues, international NGOs also gained importance in the matter of global politics associated with the UN and its subsidiary organizations. (Karns, 2008); (Ahmed; Potter, 2006) Some of the factors that have contributed to the growth of NGOs worldwide are given below (Karns, 2008); (Baylis; Smith, 2001): Globalization. A rise in popularity of global issues like human rights, environmental protection, etc. An increase in international conferences held under the sponsorship of the United Nations. The boom in technology, which lead to smooth communications between individuals or organizations through facsimile (fax), Internet, and e-mail.An increase in the popularity of democracy, which gave rise to the civil society and provided the opportunity to every person to constitute and manage organizations more freely. General Role NGOs take part in a variety of activities. They provide significant information and consultancies to both governmental and international organizations, for instance agencies affiliated with the UN, regarding current global issues. The data supplied to these organizations is often not available to the local government. (Karns, 2008) NGOs may decide to have a particular policy to tread on, like banning of landmines, acted upon by the International Campaign to Ban

Guidelines to anthropology influenced Essay Example for Free

Guidelines to anthropology influenced Essay Durkheim tells that ‘social facts’ means nothing but sociological data. These facts are normal ways of thoughts and acting each member of society feels forced to conform. In these facts personal qualities of individuals are irrelevant. These ‘facts’ belong to the whole of thoughts, sentiments and actions; these cannot be reduced for the individuals in whose behavior they manifest themselves. In terms of individual psychology, collective believes and behavior can’t be explained by some tokens. Durkheim states that individuals want new social psychology, for only the social can explain the social. Durkheim persist that to understand on set of social phenomena, kinship and marriage are to be understood in field of economics, religion etc. This is the essence of functionalism. The above aspect of the work of French sociologist created the origin of the British social anthropologists. Thus, with the coming of ‘structural-functional’ school in Great Britain. In the real sense of development ‘modern social anthropology’ was emerged. At this time, students of Malinowski and Radeliffe-Brown have provided new types of data. By the observed field data, Malinowski and Radeliffe-Brown gave new guidelines to anthropology influenced by Emile Durkheim (Srivastava, 2005). Functionalism theory was developed by Bronislaw Malinowski who was influenced by Durkheim. Emile Durkheim says in his sociology as society is a unit and there is a necessity of perpetuation of society in itself. Malinowski theory of functionalism was developed based on Durkheim’s sociology. Malinowski treated Durkheimian as origin of his theory with the difference of cultural aspects in his method. Durkheim expanded his theory from the top down that means he discuss about social aspects first and the features of psychological are discussed after that and more part of that theory integrated with social facts. Though Malinowski developed the theory based on Durkheim’s theory, his theory is bottom up and elaborated from the psychological aspects to cultural aspects (Worsfold). The functionalism of Malinowski was very much synchronization with sociological theory of Durkheim. Durkheim together with some other authors such as Hubert, Mauss and often Malinowski writes L’Annee Sociologique and it was buildup with some imperative theoretical and methodological aspects of functionalism. The writings of Malinowski were unequivocally influenced by Durkheim. Malinowski (1944b:19) says â€Å"Durkheim for one-sided arguments, metaphysical bias and an idealistic vision of social reality†. But Malinowski saw Durkheim as the organizer of French Sociology and anthropology. Durkheim’s main context was the cultural phenomena. So it was more important to cultural aspects of Malinowski and Malinowski said â€Å"the full scientific understanding of culture as a specific phenomenon†. Malinowski still accepted the Methodological hypothesizes of Durkheim were very vital involvement in the improvement of social anthropology. Through the opinions and proceedings of Durkheim to sociological objects was balanced with the exertions of Malinowski (Ellen 1988). Marcel Mauss was the nephew and also student of Durkheim. He was developed sociology together with Durkheim. The inquiry of anthropology disturbed with the materials of social amalgamation tumble down from the activities of Durkheim who was the educator and French sociologist. This was passed from Durkheim to his student Mauss. Durkheim and Marcel Mauss are in the same way of sociology. But Mauss never wrote any book regarding to the subject of religion like Durkheim’s attempt in â€Å"The elementary forms† (James, Mauss Allen, 1998). Reference: Ellen,R. F. (1988) Malinowski between two worlds: the Polish roots of an anthropological tradition New York, NY: CUP Archive James, W. Mauss, M Allen, N. J. (1998) Marcel Mauss: a centenary tribute. Berghahn Books. Srivastava, A. R. N, (2005) Essentials of Cultural Anthropology. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Worsfold, A. Bronislaw malinowski (1884-1942). In change. freeuk. Retrieved from http://www. change. freeuk. com/learning/socthink/malinowski. html

Sleep Deprivation in America Essay -- Health Medical

Sleep Deprivation in America Research indicates that America’s sleep problems have increased and might be the number one health problem. The average amount of sleep that people get per night can range anywhere from three to twelve hours. According to Dr. David Dinges at the University of Pennsylvania, it is a fact that people who get fewer than six hours of sleep a night do not live as long as people who get seven hours or more. Most people do not realize the importance of sleep or even realize that it is needed to survive. Many people experience sleep deprivation; however it is commonly seen in college students. Irregular sleeping patterns tend to occur in students, which can later lead to long-term effects. Sleep deprivation can affect the normal and regular sleep patterns and cycles of many people. According to Lacks, â€Å"Normal adults gradually move through a sequence of regularly alternating stages of sleep† (17). Adults experience these different stages because of their own distinct patterns and behavioral activity. Sleep is divided into two categories non-rapid-eye-movement and rapid-eye-movement (Lacks 17). These stages of sleep range from the lightest sleep to the deepest sleep. This cycle is repeated over and over again while sleeping. These sleep stages are necessary to regulate the different states of wakefulness and sleep. According to Williams, â€Å"Insomnia or difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep is almost part of everyone’s life† (29). Insomnia is a result of sleep deprivation, which can lead to further effects such as stress and aging. Regular sleeping patterns can drastically change for someone who is experiencing s leep deprivation. Circadian rhyt... ... exposed to and the only way for a student to avoid it is to find an individual way to motivate him or herself. Works Cited Bethesda MD: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Understanding Sleep. National Institutes of Health, 1998 Giannotti, Flavia. â€Å"Circadian Preference, Sleep and Daytime Behavior in Adolescence.† European Sleep Research Society (May 2002): 191-199. Lacks, Patricia. Behavioral Treatment for Persistent Insomnia. New York: Permagon Press, 1987. Urban, Christopher. â€Å"Sleep Deprivation Not Unusual For College Students.† The Tech .Write 3 Jun 1991.: 5. 23 Oct 2002 . Williams, Robert L. M.D., Ismet Karacan, and Constance Moore, Sleep Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1988.

Causes and Effects Essay the Effects of Noise Pollution

Generally, Sound is very much important to our daily live, but noise is not. Noise is used as an annoying sound. Most of us every time hear the sounds in everyday life, likewise the traffic, the television, , Loud music, people talking on their phone and even pets are also shouting in the middle of the night.The whole things of these have come to a part of the culture and hardly annoy us. Moreover, noise is made by big trucks, household gadgets, vehicles, motorbikes on the road, loud speakers and jet planes and helicopters’ flying over cites, etc.Health effects of noise contain stress and reaction also in dangerous cases fright. The physiological appearances are headaches, feeling of fatigue, nervousness and irritability, and losses work effectiveness. Noise raises the risks of occurrence of sicknesses such as heart failure, blood pressure, headache, etc.For instance, the siren of police, fire fighters or ambulance in your urban all night daily leave people (specially old peop le) anxiety and stresses in the morning. Stress, Blood pressure levels, and cardio-vascular disease connected heart problems are on the rise.Studies propose that high strength noise causes high blood pressure and increases heart beat rate as it disturbs the standard blood flow. Carrying them to a controllable level rest on our thoughtful noise pollution and how we challenge it. These in opportunity can cause further simple and continuing health issues later in life.Any annoying sound that our ears have not been assembled to filter can affect problems within the body. Our ears can take in a definite variety of sounds without accomplishment injured. Man made noises such as horns, jackhammers, airplanes, machinery, and even automobiles can be moreover loud for our hearing variety.Continuous experiences to loud levels of noise can simply consequence in the injury of our ear drums and loss of hearing. Noise also decreases our understanding to sounds that our ears pick up automatically to regulate our body’s beat.As you know that there do not occur several solutions to decrease sound pollution. On an individual level, everyone can help decreasing the noise in their homes by pull down the volume of the music system, radio and the television. Some people listen to music lacking headphones is similarly a good step forward. Exclusion of public loudspeakers is additional way in which the pollution can be disputed.

Sub Level Caving

Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence SUBLEVEL CAVING TECHNIQUE SIMPLICITY AND LOW COST ARE THE ESSENCE Author: Partha Das Sharma, B. Tech(Hons. ) in Mining Engineering, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 1. Introduction – Sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Mining now proceeds underground, underneath the open pit. At first, both a raise and a network of tunnels are made.At different sublevels, jumbos are used for long hole drilling, drilling directly upwards into the roof. These holes are then charged with explosives and blasted. As the roofs cave in, the rock from the ground surface will cave in to the underground as well. Scoop trams or Load Haul Dump (LHD) vehicles transport the muck, loosened rocks, to an ore pass where the rocks are lifted to the surface. Drilling and blasting takes place at differ ent underground levels of the mine at the same time.As the blasted rock, muck, is continuously transported to the ore pass, more blasting will encourage the roof to cave in to the void and further into the drift. This is repeated until blasting, caving and transporting depletes the entire orebody. 2. Modern day Sublevel caving – The sublevel caving technique, as the method is applied today, the whole quantity of ore between the different sublevels is broken using ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 1Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence controlled drilling and blasting. Sublevel caving is in many respe cts simple. It can be used in orebodies with very different properties and it is easy to mechanize. In sublevel caving, ore is developed from a series of sublevels spaced at regular intervals throughout the orebody. Mining begins at the top of the orebody. A series of ring patterns is drilled and blasted from each sublevel. Broken ore is mucked out after each blast and the overlying waste rock caves on top of the broken ore. This technique is inexpensive, highly mechanized and yields a large amount of muck.It is normally used in massive, steeply-dipping orebodies with considerable strike length. Since dilution and low recoveries are unavoidable, sublevel caving is used to mine lowgrade, low-value ore-bodies. However, studies are going on in various levels to eliminate the shortcoming of the system. The designs which are used and the measures which can be taken to eliminate the disadvantages are less understood. Possibly the modern version of the method was developed in the iron mine s of Sweden. Over the past few years, the scale of sublevel caving has increased markedly with LKAB being a leader in this regard.Today, with the continuing push to increase mining scale, a fundamental question is whether the gravity flow principles which served as the design basis for the small-scale sublevel caving mine designs of the past can be applied at much larger scales or whether some other approach is required. In fact, in design and operating practices, sublevel caving is among the most advanced of all mining methods. Sound engineering is indispensable to its conduct. The reason is related to the complexity of the caving action and the necessity of controlling it. The increased sublevel interval requires diligence in drilling, loading and blasting practices.The advent of improved drilling technology has made increased sublevel intervals possible in the sublevel cave mine. Hydraulic tube rod drill rigs have made long ——————— ———————————————————————————- 2 Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence up-holes accurate with less than 2% deviation. Apart, blasting pattern used has also plays very important role.Proper fragmentation and blasting efficiency is evaluated by measuring the percentage of muck which is able to pass the designated blast size. 3. Description of sublevel caving method – An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. The ore is then drilled and blasted using longholes between levels, often in a circular or fan pattern, on retreat. The weight of the rock is used to assist breakage. The upper levels are mined ahead of lower levels.Broken ore is extracted from the drive before the next blast takes place. The wall rock caves in when the ore is extracted. As discussed, in sublevel caving, the hanging wall is allowed to cave in as the ore is drilled, blasted and removed. The wall caving is induced by mining the ore in controlled sequence, usually from hanging wall to footwall and from top to bottom. Sublevel caving is often used in conjunction with surface mining. Sublevel caving extracts the ore via sublevels, which are developed in the orebody at regular vertical spacing. Each sublevel features systematic layout with parallel drifts, along or across the orebody.In the wide orebody, sublevel drifts start from the footwall drive, to continue across, reaching the hanging wall. In the orebody lesser width, sublevel drifts are branched off in both directions, from a centre crosscut drive. ——à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 3 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Development volume to prepare sublevel caving is extensive, compared to other mining methods.However, development is mainly drifting to prepare sublevels. Drifting is a simple and routine job for the mechanised mine. Development of sublevels is done efficiently, in an environment of multiple faces on one sublevel available to drill rigs and loaders. A ramp connection is needed to connect different sublevels, and communicate with main transport routes. Ore passes are also required, at strategically locations along sublevels, for LHD-loaders to dump ore from sublevels, to be collected and transported on the haulage level below. —————————————————————————– ————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 4 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Longhole rigs drill the ore section above the drift, in a fan spread pattern. Longhole drilling is a procedure which is done independent of other jobs, often well ahead of charging. Thus, drilling and charging-blasting longholes can be timed to suit the mine’s production schedules.Blasting on each sublevel starts at the hanging wall, mining then retreats toward the footwall. Miners aim the cave to follow an approximately straight front, and adjacent d rifts mined at similar pace. A section through the cave to show upper sublevels one step ahead of sublevels underneath. Blasting the longhole fan breaks the ore volume covered by the fan-pattern. As the cave is filled with fractured rock, most of the fresh ore remains in the cave, while some caves into the drift opening. Mucking out with LHD-loaders creates a cave pattern of ore and waste from above.Loading continues until the operator decides that waste dilution is too high, and stops the mucking, and transfers to a nearby drift heading with a fresh cave. In the meantime, the empty heading is occupied by the charging team, to charge next ring of longholes. Ore handling involves mucking out at the cave, transport on sublevels and dumping into ore passes. Waste dilution and ore losses are drawbacks for sublevel caving. Waste dilution varies between 15 and 40%, ore losses from 15 % to 25 %, depending on local conditions. Dilution is of less influence for orebodies with diffuse boundar ies, where the host rock contains low grades minerals.Parameters directly influence flow behaviour have been found to include the geometry of the extraction layout and drives, sublevel height, blast ring design, material characteristics of the blasted and waste material, and draw control methodology. In most of the sublevel caving system blasting parameters dominate in association with recovery when compared to drawpoint and geological parameters. Generally, sublevel caving method employs use of fan drilling using long and smalldiameter holes, between sublevels or drill drifts to undercut and blast the ore-zone. An initial slot is developed at the wallrock, and vertical uphole fans are rilled in a diamond pattern from sublevel in sequence. Generally, eight holes, inclined 80 to 85 degrees toward the slot, are drilled. Hole diameter average 51 mm, Burden and Spacing vary from 1. 2 to 1. 8 m and 1. 5 to 1. 8 m respectively. Blasting is performed against broken waste rock as wall rock caves. Generally, specific-charge range from 0. 3 to 0. 4 kg/ton. 4. Below are some salient features of Sublevel caving technique: Application * Weak walls and strong ore preferred though weak ore can be mined too. * Steep dip: A vertical dip is best, while dip>60 is fine too.Possibility of loss of ore in non-vertical steep dips Considerable loss of reserves in flat dips * Preferably, the ore and the rock should be easily separable * Surface should be amenable to caving (not an inhabited or the watershed area etc) ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 5 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Development * Signif icant. Almost 20% of the ore is mine during development * Sublevels are established generally at 7. -12. 2 m vertical intervals and about 10. 7 m horizontal intervals The vertical interval is dependent on the drilling accuracy and the dip of the orebody The horizontal and vertical spacings affect the eccentricity of the cave * The size and shape of the production drift affects the draw Drift should be as wide as possible Should give good support to the back and the brows If the back is arched, the draw is mostly at the center and none on the sides If the back has to be arched for ground support, the drifts should be closer Ore remnants left behind (due to being out of reach of LHD’s) increase with height.Therefore, drift height should be as small as possible (usually about 3-3. 2 m). * Slot raises are driven at the hanging wall end of the production drift all the way up to the next level * Haulage levels driven in waste In wide orebodies, transverse layouts may be used (ore w idths should be > 12-15 m) Here, the production drifts are perpendicular to the strike Recovery better than longitudinal layouts Haulage drift in waste (footwall), about 9 m from ore contact. This distance is maintained so that blasting does not occur too close to it.Diamond drilling is done to obtain ore boundaries so that the haulage drift is neither too close nor too far away. o o * Ramps may be driven at 15 -18 , to production levels to provide access * Long, fan holes drilled 70-80 degrees forward (about 8 holes Production totaling 100 m in a ring) * Side holes, if drilled, should be steeper than 70 degree Side holes reduce length of holes driven up from the level below If flat holes drilled to the sides, however, the blasted material from the side holes cannot be extracted from the working level.Therefore, the neighboring fan hole blasted material does not get enough room to expand * Brows should be supported if necessary If brows collapse, ore floods the drift and covers some rings Also, the loader has problems loading as the ore does not stack high If brows are uneven, the ore funnels down the high spots ——————————————————————————————————- 6 Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence If sloughing or high brows are noticed from development, it may be decided to blast more than 2 rings just to advance through the area * If drilling is not accurate, a bridge/arch may be left in the stope Re-slotting may become necessary * Powder factor high as blasting is always against blasted muck (almost twice that of blasting against an open face) * LHD’s used for mucking * Good ventilation necessary as all working faces are dead ends * Productivity is quite high (about 36 ton/miner-shift) Comments * High dilution from caved waste.Ore losses occur as well since not all mined ore can be recovered. * Ore/waste flow cannot be predicted accurately prior to mining. * Probably the most economical when mining in weak strata * Development openings are not kept open for the entire life of mine. Once a level is extracted, the development openings are consumed. * Safe, since all mining activities are in small, protected openings. * High degree of mechanization possible. 5. Discussion on ore flow, drilling and blasting for efficient workings: * Fragmentation is of key importance to sublevel cave stope.Proper fragmentation of the ore column resulted in improved efficiency for the other mine operations and was critical to recovery. * Underground observations indicate that the draw-points must be wide enough to account for inconsistent blast results and provide regular flow. * The dr aw-point width determines the width and flow strength of the central channel which is important to achieving high recovery of the ring. * The middle holes of the ring are fired first and can make first use of the swell volume offered by the underlying sublevel drift. * The central holes are drilled subvertical, fairly parallel, and relatively close to one another.The result is a relatively high and uniform specific charge compared to the other holes in the round. Thus, one would expect the best, most uniform fragmentation. * The ore material in the central part of the round can make the best use of the effect of gravity in directing it to the drawpoint. * All of the material in the fan is drilled and blasted. * Because of the fan geometry, the amount of explosive/unit volume and hence the fragmentation varies throughout the fan. * The ore material in the centre part of the fan and the lower part of the fan has a much higher specific charge than that at the boundaries of the ring. Fu rthermore, the â€Å"cave† which lies in front of the blasted slice is an eclectic mixture of waste rock and ore remnants. * Its mobility varies with location and with time (it changes with the extraction geometry). ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 7 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence * Finally, most rock materials upon being blasted would like to bulk (swell) of the order of 50%. In sublevel caving, it is the sublevel drift located at the bottom end of the fan which is the primary provider of swell space for the ore in the ring. * It has been observed that, increased amounts of oversize in the r ing decreases recovery, proving the importance of proper fragmentation for sublevel cave operation. * Recoveries could be less than 60% if the ring is composed of 30% oversize. The oversize in the draw-point reduces the mobility of the ore, thus preventing high recovery. * Effective blast patterns also take into consideration the amount of benching. High powder factors are also required to reduce benching but may create excessive blast damage and over-break. * Practical solutions, such as, the blast pattern, blasthole size, primer sequencing, powder factor and degree of fragmentation are to be considered in order to be efficient. 6. Design parameters and some preliminary design rules – Design parameters in sublevel caving are largely a function of caving mechanics, the branch of rock mechanics related to the breakage and collapse of consolidated materials in place and their flow downward by gravity.Although, the ore has to be drilled and blasted, the overlying rock comprising capping or hanging wall is undercut and caves. Extremely careful controls must be exercised in drawing the ore to avoid excessive dilution. Draw control is the practice of regulating the withdrawal of ore in the sublevel crosscuts so as to optimize the economics of draw. Preliminary design rules: * Sublevel drift size (width (Wd) and height (Hd): determined based on equipment. * Sublevel interval (HS): the theoretical maximum value is based on the ability to drill long, straight holes.This, in turn, is based on the hole diameter (D). The actual limit is based on recovery and dilution considerations which are due to managing ore/waste pulsation. * Hole diameter (D): based on the available drilling equipment and the ability to charge long holes. * Spacing of the sublevel drifts (Sd): Sd = (2. 4 to 2. 7) Wd * Ring spacing (Burden B): Based upon the damage radius (Rd): B = 2 Rd Where: Rd/rh = 20 ( Peexp/PeANFO)? ( 2. 65/? rock)? ? Rd = damage radius (m); rh = hole radius (m); Peexp = e xplosion pressure for the explosive; PeANFO = explosion pressure for ANFO = 1600 MPa; ? ock = rock density (g/cm3); 2. 65 = density of typical rock (g/cm3). * Hole toe spacing (ST): based upon the burden ST = 1. 3 B. * Spacing for parallel holes (SP): based upon the burden SP = B. * Front inclination: 70–80 degrees (forward). Example: If it is assumed that: D = 115 mm; Drift dimensions: 7 m wide by 5 m high; Explosive: emulsion (Pe Exp = 3900 MPa); Rock density = 4. 6 g/cm3; Sublevel interval: 25 m based on drilling ability and control of pulsation. ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. ail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 8 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence One finds that the remaining dimensions are: Sublevel drift spacing: 17–19 m; Burden: 2. 7 m; Toe spacing (fanned): 3. 5 m; Toe spacing (parallel): 3 m; Front inclination: 80 degree selected. 7. Experience from LKAB, Sweden – Sub-level caving (SLC) is an important mass mining method, used at LKAB. The caved rock or debris at the SLC interface reduces the fragmentation and the swelling of the blasted ring and it dissipates the explosive energy.These phenomena may immobilize the blasted ring, causing ore losses. There are two major factors that influence the mobilization of the blasted ring, fragmentation and swelling of the blasted material. The caving process is influenced by also the stiffness of the waste rock, which is dependent in some way by the compaction that the blast ring contributes to. By using the acoustic impedance between the blasted material and the confining debris, a relationship for both fragmentation and compaction have been fou nd depending on material, specific charge and physical properties of the debris.Regression analysis has been used for both tasks, where the two statistical hypotheses clearly have good agreement with actual data i. e. the prediction models can forecast both the fragmentation and compaction for this set-up with reasonable accuracy The results can be comparable with confined blasting in large scale, this both that it have representative design parameters that fulfil in many ways the scaling laws and the second is that it can be linked to other comparisons between large-scale and small-scale, where the similarities have been shown.LKAB’s Malmberget – The Malmberget mine consists of about 20 orebodies, of which ten are currently mined. Most of the deposit consists of magnetite ore, but non-magnetic hematite also occurs. The present main level of the Malmberget mine is at a depth of 1000 meters. About 14 Mt of crude ore is extracted from the orebodies each year. Development – The first stage of mining is drift development. A drift is a tunnel that is driven into the rock. Development involves construction of new areas of the mine where ore can be extracted.A development project begins with construction documents prepared by the mine planning department. Each year, the mine planning department orders development work on the basis of the forecast demand for products as well as current knowledge of the status of the orebody. A development drift goes right through the orebody. Drifts are driven with electrichydraulic drill rigs. For each charge, as many as 60 holes are drilled. Each hole is about 5 meters deep. When all the holes are drilled, they are charged with explosives. The charge is blasted at night. The loose ore is then hauled out by a front loader.This procedure is repeated until the entire development drift has been driven. The drifts can be up to 80 meters long. If necessary, the walls and ceiling of the drift are reinforced with rock b olts and/or shotcrete. When development is complete, i. e. , when several drifts have been driven in the same area, the next stage of mining can begin; namely, production drilling. ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. ordpress. com/ 9 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Production drilling – Slices of ore are drilled up with remote-controlled production drilling rigs. From their control rooms, the operators (drillers) operate several drill rigs out in the production areas via remote control. The rig drills upwards into the ore, forming fan-shaped patterns of holes. There are 10 drill holes in each series. They are no rmally about 40-45 meters deep. The holes are straight, so that subsequent charging with explosive and blasting can be done efficiently.When a pattern of holes has been drilled, the rig is moved back three meters, then drilling of the next pattern begins. About 20 of these patterns will be drilled in an 80-meter drift. Once drilling is completed in the entire drift, the holes can charged with explosive. Blasting – A robot injects explosive into the drill holes in one pattern. The explosive is manufactured by LKAB’s own explosives company. Blasting is done every night. Each round brings down about 10,000 tonnes of ore. When the blast has been ventilated, loading with wheeled loaders can begin.Then, the next pattern is charged, etc. The procedure is repeated until the entire drift has been mined out. 8. Conclusion – Caving methods have become the underground bulk mining methods of choice and expected to continue in the foreseeable future. The growing popularity of caving methods around the world is largely due to the very low production cost and the intrinsic safety associated with this mining approach. It is often the only viable mining method for some of the lower grade massive orebodies that are becoming too deep for open pit mining. Caving of strong rock masses has ecome accepted practice even though there are still some challenges to be resolved. Strategically, most medium and large mining companies are operating or planning to operate a caving mine. Codelco's El Teniente mine in Chile and the LKAB Kiruna Mine in Sweden are among the largest and most famous caving operations in the world. Australia’s leading caving operations include Rio Tinto's Northparkes mines, BHP Billiton Nickel West's Perseverance Mine and Newcrest's Telfer and Ridgeway gold mines. References: * Kvapil, R , â€Å"Subleve l Caving†, Underground Mining Methods Handbook. â€Å"d Edit ion, Vol. 2. , H. L. Hartman, ed. , SME. Littleton, CO, 1992, p. 1789 . * Geddes, P. J. , â€Å"Swedish Drilling and Blasting Practice†, Trans. Int. Min. Metail. , 1 986, Sect. A. , V. 95, p. 204-207. * Alatalo. R. , Heden, H. and Ronnback, L. , ‘large Scale Sublevel Caving in LKAB Malmberget Mine†, Proc. Int. Sym. Large Scale Underground hfining, Nov. 1985, V. 7. Lulea, p. 139- 145. * Baase, R. A. , Diment, W. D. , and Petrina, A. J. , â€Å"Sublevel Caving at Craigmont Mines Ltd. â€Å", Underground Mining Methods Handbook, W. A. Hustrulid, ed.. SME, New York, 1982, p. 898. Chatterjee, P. K. , Just, G. D. , and Ham, G. I.. ‘Sub-level caving simulation of 3000 pillar-recovery operation at Mount Isa mine. Australia†. Tram inst . min. & Met.. Sect. A. , V. 88.. Oct. 1979, p. Al47-Al55. —————————————————————————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 10 Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence * Cox, LA. , â€Å"Latest Developments and Draw Control in Sublevel Caving†, Trans.Int. Min Metall. , 1967, V. 76, p. A149-159. * Hustrulid. A. , â€Å"Sublevel Cave Mining at LKAB Kinina Mine†. iNCO presentation Aug. 1995. * Bull, G. and Page, C. H. (2000) Sublevel caving – today’s dependable low-cost ‘ore factory’, in Proceedings MassMin 2000, G. Chitombo (ed), 29 October to 2 November 2000, Brisbane, Australia, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, pp. 537–556. * Hustrulid, W. and Kvapil, R. (2008) Sublevel Caving – past and future, in Proceedings 5th International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining, MassMin 2008, H. Schunnesson and

Painted Horse essays

Painted Horse essays To have a freedom, is to have unrestricted independence over a situation or decision. A perfect example of which, is the freedom of choice which all living things have. Alex Colvilles painting, Horse and Train, provokes a sense of wonder in the viewer by leaving them guessing what the outcome of this scene will be. In this scene, the horse is free to change direction, the engineer to engage brakes (National, 2000). Alex Colvilles, Horse and Train, symbolizes ones freedom to make choices. Alex Colville was born in Toronto in 1920 and grew up in Amherst, Nova Scotia, where his family moved in 1929 (National, 2000). His main influence in painting came after university when he became a war artist. He was sent to such places as the the liberated Belsen concentration camp (National Film, 1983), where he painted such soldiers and the deceased. Painting in such environments would bring out emotions and thoughts relating to such issues as, life, death, peace, and war. The theory of life and death can be seen quite apparently in Colvilles Horse and Train. Many questions regarding life and death are brought up by viewing this painting. Why is this horse running straight at the train? Is it memorized by the light? Is it challenging a foe? Is it aware of the terrible danger? If not, can the engineer stop the train in time? (National, 2000). By interpreting the horses thoughts one can realize that the horse is contemplating a serious decision between life and death. The horse, in a way, is raging against the machine. Its war is not against the train itself, but the idea of the industrial revolution in general. The horse is depicted as being, black, well-muscled, and confident. In the past, the horses uses were infinite. It was the main mode of transportation, it tilled the farmers fields, and it w...

Resmed Case Essay Example

Resmed Case Essay Example Resmed Case Essay Resmed Case Essay Reseed did file a suit claiming that Reconciles Infringed on their patent. However, Responsive convincingly argue that their devices did not infringe on Resumes proprietary device and the court ruled in their favor. Reseed failed to bar Respiration entry into the CAP/OSHA market as well as prevent imitation and substitution of their CAP device. Reseed was aggressive in their RD (spent heavily), but brought products to market late. They often pursued several simultaneous projects through 3 departments (Mechanical design, electronic development and software development). Examples of Hess were APP to provide therapy to a larger group of OSHA sufferers and to expand into other areas of respiratory therapy. They consistently feel behind their Respiration in delivery products to the market. Market Selection Selected OSHA/SAD market as appear. 2% of population was possible candidates for CAP therapy. This was Resumes initial target market. They started in Australia, but then expanded into other countries such as Germany and eventually to the US. The branched into emphysema, CHEF, stoke therapy and other pulmonary diseases. They focused on the faces market where they were very successful. Also looked to revive an alternative treatment for Cheyenne-Stokes respiration. Market penetration and adaptation They established sales offices and partnerships with distributors as an entry strategy into the local markets. They eventually purchased the distributor when its sales were the majority of the distributors business. This was to help Reseed combat their smaller size. They also established an office In the US to have a local presence. Every country has a different health care system with differing reimbursement systems, market structures and competitive Reseed approached each market with those differences in mind. Main target market was the US. US market had MM people affected by sleep disorders according to the Congressional Sleep Disorders Commission. OSHA identified as the largest culprit and that many werent properly diagnosed. This study put OSHA related products in the spotlight and this market grew almost 500%. This Increase In market share would be a tremendous opportunity Tort tense companies won were positional to take advantage. Unfortunately, Respiration was the first mover in this market and took a commanding market share. Barriers to entry were minimal as a new market entrant would only have to demonstrate to the FDA that the CAP device complied with guidelines. Reseed was second in the US to Respiration to provide SAD therapy equipment. Respiration holds the majority of the market share in the US. In most other countries, healthcare is usually controlled by a single source (e. G. Government) which was very motivated by cost. Germany being one of the exceptions as they were more concerned about the level of care provided and not the costs/reimbursements. Reseed offered the Sleepiest which was a product to provide non-sleep specialists medical staff the tools for identifying a diagnosis and a treatment. This was ultimately designed to increase the flow of patients into payer-dictated paths for CAP prescription. [2] Competitive industry structure and competitive positioning Porters Five forces analysis will help to determine industry structure and competitive positioning Industry Competition Respiration major competitor in OSHA and breathing therapy market Respiration had more advanced and relevant technology. Two major competitors merged (Respiration and Healthy), but was distracted by integration and No real source of product differentiation amongst the restructuring process. Competitors with the exception of an Outset device which constantly monitors and adjusts air pressure. Source of product differentiation with the faces. Low levels of product differentiation and many competitors will put a downward pressure on the Caps prices. N o competitors in the CHEF and stroke treatment markets. First mover advantage. Supplier Power Raw materials and products needed to manufacture these devices and fastbacks would be very similar. Supplier power will be controlled by supplier competition and the demand of the product being sought. Suppliers can drive prices upwards by following the leader or creating a shortage in essential raw parts needed for the CAP/APP machines. Buyer Power Products which treat OSHA/SAD offer very little product differentiation. Because of number of competitors and lack of product differentiation, this will put pressure on the manufacturers to compete on pricing. Buyers have less power with fastbacks and Reseed is the industry leader. Has a greater level of product differentiation. Barriers to Entry Low barrier to entry with OSHA markets. FDA had a set standard spec for the CAP. If competitors met the standards of the design, the CAP machine would be allowable. A barrier to entry would be in partnering with a distributor that had injections with governments and/or the insuranc e companies. Another barrier to entry would be the specific regulations governing medical therapy devices. How loose or how strict these regulations would be would affect the barrier to entry. Hall Drawler to entry would De Tort products wanly were Antennae to treat c Stroke patient market. This product required timely and costly clinical trials. There was also no compensation incentive for cardiologists/neurologists. In the CHEF and Stroke markets, high barrier to entry as these markets had well defined diagnostic and treatment methods. Threat of Substitutes High threat of substitutes in the OSHA/SAD markets from competitors products, surgical procedures and prescription medicines all meant to alleviate the symptoms of OSHA. Interaction with regulatory bodies, other key organizations Had problems getting the commercial backing for development of the device and the medical community to accept CAP. Farrell had many publications on the topic of sleep medicine and established credibility in this medical community. FDA was responsible for the approval of therapeutic products treating OSHA/SAD. In Germany, doctors and not government had the greatest influence on which product was used. However, the German government also had very strict technical specifications and patients expected cutting edge technology. Management, leadership and organization structure Flat organization structure focused on minimizing politics, being value driven, being innovative and doing tasks with a sense of urgency. CEO/leader with high standards and demanding targets. Relentless drive, attention to detail with intelligence. He was good at forming networks and assembled a medical advisory board of experts to advise the company on trends in medicine. Hired former graduate students who already had worked with Farrell and understood his demanding sense of urgency. Reseed geographically expanded as they went into new markets. Farrell wanted to maintain the companys culture often communicated with all levels of the organization as well as visited the Australian office. Changed organization and leadership in RD, when they couldnt deliver results and fell behind their competitors. Acquired MAP (a competitor in the German markets), which created synergies and economies of scale in its German operations. Map also had new products in the pipeline which would help to lower the R costs of the combined company. This brand recognition in Germany could service to strengthen the companys competition as they expand into new markets. In the US, they kept their sales force lean in order to keep their costs down and focused on the strategic repositioning of reimbursable products in new areas of treatment. Access to capital Partnered with Baxter International, invested in Resumes product to improve patient comfort and reduce the noise produced by the machine. [3]Almost failed when Baxter sold its respiratory care businesses, but Farrell funded Reseed privately. Distributor partnership with Monitored, they gave $1 MM for development of next generation of CAP evolves In exchange Tort a Malory Interest In ten Resume. 0 secure althorn funding, Reseed came out with an PIP in the US which raised $MM. What should Reseed do with regard to the CHEF (congestive heart failure) and Stroke market opportunities? Reseed should continue developing technologies to take advantage of the CHEF and Stroke markets. Reseed needs to expand on sicknesses that can be treated using the same types of therapy. This will offer the most synergies to their current infrastructure and will offer them large growth potential in the future. These markets had almost MOM people affected by CHEF or Strokes in the US. There were no competitors in this market and the first to move could potentially capture the lions share of the market. This would be a huge capital investment and the rewards as well as the risks will be large. For the CHEF opportunity, there were studies which showed the link between SAD and hypertension, which was an accepted risk factor for CHEF. CHEF needed new technology to respond to CHEF patients breathing patterns. With the focus on prevention as opposed to treatment for many illnesses, pushing into this market and spending the capital on RD could be lucrative.

P&G Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

P&G - Case Study Example where the brightest minds have gathered together over the decades to come up with new products that customers would be happy to use on a regular basis, thus providing strength to the bottom line financially. Over ten years ago, P & G realized that market growth was expanding very rapidly, but that there was a slight decline in P & G sales, and innovation projects were only meeting 15 percent in success targets. This presented a challenge that many companies were facing at that time: how to keep up, move forward, and develop a larger range of fresh innovation which would help drive both the top and bottom growth line (Innosight web: Addison web). The P & G research and development (R & D) group consisted of 8,000 internal researchers situated in laboratories across the globe, in 26 facilities, and it was determined that the company had to find a way to make innovation processes, systematic, repeatable and reliable (Innosight web). Solving the Problem of Innovation and Development. It was decided, at this point, to move research and innovation out to the public level, including the customer view as to what they wanted to see on the market that they would purchase (Innosight web). In essence, this was a case of including the public into its hallowed halls of research and development innovation, in order to move beyond the previous insular situation of researchers who were constantly trying to come up with new ideas. Including the public into this new program, called â€Å"Connect & Develop†, opened many doors for the company innovation program, the researchers involved who helped clients/customers to bring dreams and innovative ideas to life, and provided a much larger, ongoing influx of new ideas and products (Addison web). In the Internet age, this has also become a big bonus where researchers and clients can communicate easily over the Internet in any number of ways, thus speeding up the process of in teraction during the development phase of ideas and

Greek Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greek Art - Essay Example It also absorbed ideas from Italian and European arts during the Romantic period. These ideas invigorated the Greek revolution which is, arguably, still taking place today. Greek art is made up of five forms which include: pottery, painting, architecture, jewelry making and sculpture (Maphosa 4). Modern Greek art is as a result of gradual development of the ancient which started during the Romantic period. Many of its elements were absorbed from other European arts and consequently culminated in a unique Greek Romantic art style (Smith and Plantzos 633). This was inspired by the country’s history and geography as well as revolutionary ideals. After the end of the Ottoman rule, education opportunities in arts were limited in independent Greece and, therefore, many Greece artists studied abroad. Majority of the Greece artists of the 19th century studied at Munich International Center for arts (Smith and Plantzos 698). After graduation, they returned to Greece and shared their knowledge with the Greek community. This led to the development of personal and academic bonds between Munich artistry and early Greek painters which in turn gave birth to the Greek Munich School of painting. Nikolaos Gysis was one of the great figures in the 19th century Greek art because he acted as both an artist and a teacher at the Munich academy (Smith and Plantzos 700). The Greek art was characterized by realism, academism, landscape painting, still life, genre painting, portraiture of the upper middle class, and impressionists’ features. Later these features were replaced by symbolism and art Nouveau. In the 20th century, Greek art was represented by many artists who were more interested in living conditions, local customs, and everyday Greek life (Norris 174). Many gifted painters emerged such as Theodoros Vryzakis, Nikiphoros Lytras, Georgios Jakobides, and Georgios Roilos among others. Theodoros