1940-1949 Essay -- Essays Papers

1940-1949 In the United States during the 1940’s, individuals were getting anxious about the war. Toward the start of the 40’s, before the war began, life was basically typical and individuals were discussing how there may be a war. At long last, when the war started, life changed for most Americans. Men were enrolled and drafted to war. Ladies remained at home and maintained various sources of income to help their family. Industry eased back down so creation of weapons, and so forth could be delivered and dispatched to the war. Proportioning must be utilized so there would be sufficient food, water, and so forth for individuals to utilize. It was a change for all individuals. During the 40’s, particularly during the war times, Women needed to assume the job as mother and father. They needed to continue employments their spouses used to do, keep up the family unit condition, and at times played baseball to keep the economy up and keep individuals glad. As per the book, American Decades, by Victor Bond, the war was what brought the nation out of wretchedness. The strain to plan and produce merchandise from for the war was sufficient to kick off the economy. After the war, the economy continued blasting and individuals were at long last getting their lives back together. The convictions and qualities in the United Sates were essentially to live for the war, and manage it. There wasn’t much else that should be possible. Individuals had spouses, siblings, children, nephews, and so on entering the war. It required the exertion of numerous Americans to balance out their lives with the goal that the war wouldn’t cut them down. After the war be that as it may, the demeanor in the nation was idealistic. Individuals needed to go to class and get training. Industry took off again and individuals were back to their typical lives. Numerous couples had youngsters. This rage of births is known... ...among blacks. Writing was affected and workmanship moved to a theoretical expressionistic style. The economy developed and America started to recover its quality and power, and utilized it to develop. The 1940’s, what an astounding time ever. Works Cited Bond, Victor. American Decades, 1940-1949. Hurricane Research Inc. 1995 Williams, Neville. Order of World History, The Modern World 1901-1998. Volume IV. Helicon Publishing Limited, 1999 The Reader’s Digest. Incredible Events of the twentieth Century. The Reader’s Digest Association Inc. 1997 College of Dayton Archives. Documents Collection, Albert Emmanuel Hall. - Blessed Memories - College of Dayton, from Nazareth to the new Millennium 1850-2000. WDG Publishing. www.lovett.org/libraryweb/amstud.htm Perkins, George and Perkins, Barbara. The American Tradition in Literature. ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill. 1999

Concept Of Marriage Under Muslim Law Religion Essay Essays

Idea Of Marriage Under Muslim Law Religion Essay Essays Idea Of Marriage Under Muslim Law Religion Essay Idea Of Marriage Under Muslim Law Religion Essay The exploration laborer has received a doctrinal signifier of research to make his endeavor. The endeavor involves the exploration laborer to dissect the develop of marriage under Muslim statute. Arranged beginnings both essential and optional beginnings have been counseled for the equivalent. No part of this endeavor is copied and the endeavor is the first work of the examination specialist. Presentation Whatever degree is sharia a fixed arrangement of standards that apply to all Muslims? Many expect that Islamic law guidelines can just be found either by perusing the Quran, or by tuning in to the assessment of any Muslim minister. They other than expect that all Muslims are limited by similar guidelines, and that Islamic law guidelines can thusbe implemented across national limit lines to all Muslims each piece, in the MiddleEast, Africa, Asia, and Europe. Yet, is this right? Furthermore, if non, what so is the correct worry of Islamic laws? At the point when individuals allude to the Islamic law, they are, truth be told, referencing to their Islamic laws for the sake of the ever-enduring will of the Almighty God. The variety of significances of Islamic law has offered ascend to an adaptable, multi-interpretable talk about Islamic law and statute which moves great starting with one hugeness of Islamic law then onto the next. Marriage or Nikah in Islamic law is an agreement straightforward as can be requiring no initiation and no alarmed rituals. All that is fundamental is offer and belief made in the nearness and becoming aware of two male or female witnesses and entering the factum of marriage in the Nikah Register kept up in each mosque marked by the gatherings and confirmed by sources. It is collectible to the wedded lady on the crumbling of marriage or perish or separate. In India, there is no interest to enlist the Muslim marriage, as there is no statute requiring enlistment. I am grateful to Dr.Vijender Kumar to give me this significant opportunity to make an endeavor on The Concept of Marriage under Muslim Law . We have seen, it is the family unit law that has ever spoken to the truly chest of the Sharia, for it is this bit of the law that is viewed by the Muslims as come ining into the truly twist and weft of their confidence. All things considered talking, in the law of the family unit completely that the Sharia is as yet applied to exactly 400,000,000 Muslims, for it is for all intents and purposes only in the Arabian Peninsula, Afghanistan, Northern Nigeria that the Sharia is applied today, accordingly, outside the space of family unit dealingss and individual position. It is actually in regards to the statute of marriage and separation that the contention is joined today between the powers of moderation and headway in the Muslim universe, and the changes of that contention give, as we have seen, a gage of cultural progression, a reflection of the advancement of innovation in Islam, and a representation of how an ostensibly unchanging law can be changed in design. Let us get down so with a drumhead proclamation of Islamic statute in these issues. A Muslim grown-up female is bound to monogamy, while a Muslim grown-up male may hold each piece numerous as four wedded womans one after another, yet no more. In add-on, the Ithna Ashari region of the Shia, altogether, permits him to hold any figure temporary marriages, or marriage of satisfaction, while all schools permit a grown-up male to enjoy privileges of concubinage with his ain female slaves. Any sex outside these bounds[ 1 ]constitute zina, or illegal sex dealingss, for which the punishment is perish by lapidating in the occasion of a miscreant who has ever culminated a legitimate marriage, and one hundred ciliums in the occurrence of others. Be that as it may, these disciplines can infrequently be adequately forced due to the incredibly requesting model of relevant proof required, and the standard that such punishments are turned away by any situation of uncertainty other than the way that I slamic condemnable statute has today simply a truly constrained application. In add-on a Muslim hubby may abandon his wedded lady or wedded womans at any clasp and at his uneven tact. So much for a truly broad summarize. It is vital, by and by, principal to see this against its authentic foundation thus lucubrate it in more noteworthy thing. Relationships in Islam Islam, dissimilar to different religions is a solid advocator of marriage. There is no topographic point for chastity like, for outline the Roman Catholic ministers and nuns. The prophesier ( pbuh ) has said there is no chastity in Islam. Marriage is a profound obligation and is as needs be an ethical safety measure each piece great as a cultural need. Islam does non equivalent chastity with high taqwa/Iman . The prophesier has other than stated, Marriage is my convention who so ever keeps off there from is non from among me . Marriage goes about as a trade foundation for sexual requests and balance it so one does non go a captive to his/her wants. It is a cultural need on the grounds that through marriage, family units are built up and the family is the cardinal unit of our general public. Moreover, marriage is the solitary real or halal way to enjoy commonality between a grown-up male and a grown-up female. Islam takes a focal point of the course spot to sexual dealingss, it neither denounces it like certain beliefs, nor does it let it openly. Islam urges us to order and adjust our wants, whatever they might be so we stay honorable and non go like vitalize creatures. Chronicled Background In pre-Islamic Arabia, it appears, there were a few kinds of marriage, runing likely from the patrilineal and including the supposed marriage of ephemeral pleasure. The most good signifier, by and by, was a patrilinear marriage wherein the man of the hour paid a share for, or to, his lady of the hour. This has built up no vulnerability, out of the across the board use of paying lady riches to the society or the family unit of the lady of the hour for the loss of her generative limit and as an adjustment both of the fellowship and of the connection between two families ; however it would look that even before the happening to Islam the settlement had come to be viewed in Arabia as fairly having a place with the lady herself. In any example this is an element of the Islamic statute of marriage, all things considered a lot of it is as yet dismissed in design in certain quarters. Muslim lawful specialists as often as possible in reality utilize the likeness of offer, and consider the to be as thought for marital rights-a thought that establishes an essential segment in each Muslim marriage. Nor is this settlement repayable on separate, in Islamic law, once the marriage has been fulfilled, even where the wedded lady is mainly at botch, aside from by her ain willful comprehension. Hanafis, on the different manus, see that an adult grown-up female may contract herself in marriage gave she picks a hubby who is her equivalent in respect of family unit, exchange, confidence, etc ; that simply amateurs might be given in marriage without their assent ; and that even amateurs have a choice of abandoning such a marriage when they arrive at mass I all cases in which the safeguard who represented them was other than male parent or gramps.[ 2 ]The other Sunni schools bar marriage by overpowering drive by any aside from the male parent or male parent s male parent ( or, in the case of the Malikis, the male parent or male parent or his agent ) ; yet they expand such powerful motivation, in respect of virgins young ladies, a long ways past mass. In add-on, a grown-up male is denied from being hitched, at very much the same clasp, to two grown-up females who might be suspended, were one of them a male, from get marrieding one another ;[ 3 ] An Overview of Concept of Marriage in Muslim Law Islam, not at all like different beliefs is a solid advocator of marriage. There is no topographic purpose of abstinence in Islam like the Roman Catholic ministers A ; nuns. The Prophet has said There is no Celibacy in Islam . Marriage goes about as a commercial foundation for sexual requests A ; manages it so one does nt go crush ones spirit to his/her wants. It is a cultural interest in light of the fact that through marriage, families are built up and the families are the cardinal substance of our general public. Besides marriage is the solitary genuine or halal way to enjoy nature between a grown-up male and grown-up female. Islamic marriage in spite of the fact that licenses polygamy however it completely forbids polyandry. Polygamy however allowed was watched by a few conditions by Prophet yet these conditions are non obeyed by the Muslims in all. Marriage: - Pre Islamic Position Prior to the introduction of Islam there were a few conventions in Arab. These customs were holding a few unscrupulous techniques like: ( I ) Buying of miss from guardians by paying a measure of cash. ( two ) Temporary marriages. ( three ) Marriage with two existent sisters simultaneously. ( four ) Freeness of surrendering and again tolerating grown-up females. These unscrupulous customs of the general public should have been nullified ; Islam did it and got an intense change the develop of marriage. Marriage Defined It hushes up pertinent to cognize whether the Muslim marriage is a holy observance like the Hindu marriage, for this Lashkar-e-Taiba us secure familiar with a portion of the meanings of Muslim marriage. ( a ) A Hedaya[ 4 ]: Marriage is a lawful methodology by which the few strategy and proliferation and legitimation of children between grown-up male and grown-up females is completely legal and substantial. ( B ) A Bailies Digest[ 5 ]: A Nikah in Arabic methods Union of the arrangement and conveys a common agreement for the goals of lega

Add Webkit Override Scrollbar into your Blogger Template

Add Webkit Override Scrollbar into your Blogger Template Hi in this tutorial I am going to share with you a trick that how we can colorize our blogger template scrollbar with the help of Webkit and it is also known as webkit scrollbar. But the limitation of this scrollbar is that it only work on Google Chrome. But Firefox has an add-ons to show colorize scrollbar but that you can see only and others are not. Maybe Firefox will improve their browser in near future for compatibility. But now we can use it to add some extra spice on our blogger templates. I am pretty sure most of the blogger use Google Chrome like me. So if you want you can use it. Live Demo Step 1Log in to your blogger account and Click onTemplate- Step 2Now click onEdit HTML- Unfold code Step 3Now find]]/b:skinby PressingCtrl+F Step 4And Paste the below code above]]/b:skinand save your template /* Webkit Override Scrollbar by www.bloggerspice.com*/ ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 12px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px; background:#fff; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px; background: rgba(4,189,250,0.8); -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.5); } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:window-inactive { background: rgba(4,189,250,0.4); } /* Webkit Override Scrollbar by www.bloggerspice.com*/ Customization Change4,189,250with RGB color code. You can find color code from Photoshop software.

China And The Underground Churches - 1083 Words

Sarah Barnard Why the Church? November 2014 Research Paper: Catholicism in China and the Underground Churches For quite some time now the Chinese government has controlled its society in a multitude of ways, including through religion. Catholicism specifically, is a religion that speaks to many people in China, however, they have not been able to fully support and practice their chosen faith due to the governmental restraints that have been applied. While Christianity may be the fastest growing religion in the nation, only about half of the believers recognize the Vatican, and therefore the Pope, as well. Some may say that as the years pass, the Chinese government may be becoming more lenient towards those who observe Catholicism, but this is not always the case and can be seen through recent developments regarding this particular Asian country. In the mid-1900s, the Communist party started to take control over main-land China in ways that the country was not expecting, and in no time at all, the world’s largest nation became atheist. China cut all connections with the Vatican af ter the Communists claimed power, and countless people were imprisoned, abused, and killed for practicing their faith. The citizens no longer had charge over anything (including their religion), and whatever the government said, they had to abide by or risk being tortured for disobeying the rules. When it was announced that the Chinese would no longer recognize the Vatican or the Pope,Show MoreRelatedFreedom of Religion1320 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom of religion is attacked more and more every day. In America religious freedom has not been threatened near as much as in China. 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Music wasnt written down and recorded until around roughly 590-604 A.D. when the earliest musicians began to make records and notes, the first songs appear as biblical music, most likely used in churches and holy practices (Krasilovsky/Schemel 391). Music varies greatly around the world; mostly because of the diverse culture of the areas musicRead MoreCommunism And The Cultural Revolution1818 Words   |  8 Pagesself-directed attempts to join organizations independent from the Communist Party, such as churches. As an ideologically totalitarian system, Communism aims to form all citizens’ opinions and values around a single doctrine; consequently, any opposing ideologies, such as Christianity, are not allowed. In 1966, Communist leader Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution, which was an attempt to create a purely Communist China by eliminating the â€Å"Four Olds,† which were old customs, old culture, old habits

Democracy The Causes Of Capitalism And Democracy

The question of whether democracies create capitalism, or the other way around, I think is too simple and ignores the circumstances in which both are initially created. Historically, it was changes in the economic system and in structures of society, without appropriate simultaneous shifts in the government structure, that created enough tension within societies to warrant a complete reconstruction of governmental institutions. I tend to think that democracy does not have the potential to really exist without there first being some sort of dissatisfaction with how the proletariat and bourgeoisie are being treated under the current economic system and structure of government. Even if the name of changing economics in these non-democratic†¦show more content†¦For example Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Singapore are all successful capitalist countries but none are fully democratic states. Even China has started to become a global economic power as it has become more accepting of cap italism. When considering the impacts of capitalism on a country’s regime type it is important to look at the historical context of how democracies have or have not emerged from nations’ increased capitalist tendencies in the past. Because there was no nation that originated as a democratic one, but rather all of them became democratic through a revolution of some sort or another, the question of who was leading these revolutions and what was the resulting regime type is important. As was illustrated by Potter, the Three Main Routes of Revolution are what can give the most merit to the argument that democracy is a result of general dissatisfaction with the previous regime’s ability to manage the struggles of capitalist tendencies. Potter cites revolutions lead by the bourgeois as most commonly leading to democracies, as was the case in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. Revolutions lead by the elite class of a state lead to more fascist authorita rian regimes, such as Germany and Japan. Revolutions lead by peasants lead to communist authoritarian regimes such as China and Russia. In all of these cases, capitalism lead to a regime change but not all of them were democratic. Thus, the revolutions that are supported by the general peopleShow MoreRelatedThe changing of Democracy Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagescultures have evolved, the ideas of government and democracy have evolved as well. The economic and cultural status of a time period affects how people perceive their government. Living in a capitalist nation does not necessarily mean that democracy is non-existent. However, it does not mean that democracy in the nation has been fully formed and developed. The capitalist economy is altering the beliefs of what it means to be a democratic nation. Democracy gives power to the people. However, culturalRead MoreCapitalism: A Love Story Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagespromotes capitalism enables businesses to gain wealth at the expense of the consumer’s wealth. Ultimately this becomes a question of morality as these corporations reap the money from hardworking citizens for the purpose of greed and exploitation of the free market economy. In the film, Capitalism: A love story, the film makers use conventions and point of view to show that capitalism in America is an evil that is better replaced by democracy. Michael Moore warns everyone that promoting capitalism willRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Nation State902 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause they stifle political identity. While some inhabitants of a nation might accept the the culture of other nations in addition to their own, others might have feelings of deep nationalism. In Scotland, this appeared to be true and what it did was cause somewhat of a social rift between th e two nations. The fact that Scotland wanted to leave the UK left many people thinking what was so wrong that they wanted to separate themselves. I find that the subjectivity among individuals and the connectionRead MorePolitical Economy And Democracy Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Capitalism and American Democracy have always gone hand in hand for the entire history of the United States since its founding, and many say one cannot exist without the other. Many people today commonly associate Capitalism with Democracy when asked about the United States in general. But this statement is inherently flawed; capitalism is based on profits for the few while democracy is based on rights for many. So how can such a contradictory statement be good for the society as a wholeRead More Implications of Capitalism on Objective News Content1397 Words   |  6 PagesWhile Capitalism might first be seen as a positive influence on free and open access to information, in fact, it can also have a detrimental impact. 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This becomes very apparent in Schumpeter’s work Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy as he suggestsRead MoreThe Cold War was the perpetual rivalry that took place between the Soviet Union and The United600 Words   |  3 Pageswar based on ideas of communism and capitalism. The war never fully escalated because both powers knew that use of nuclear weapons would be disastrous, although, there was a nuclear arms escalation between both sides. The Truman Doctrine stated that it was America’s responsibility to contain communism. I think America should not have got involved in a war against communism and neither should China and Russia have rallied against democracy. One of the main causes that led to the Cold War was America’sRead MoreFerguson term paper1168 Words   |  5 Pagesbook, he talks about these four black boxes. He uses these four sealed black boxes to â€Å"demonstrate that Western institutions have indeed degenerated† (Ferguson page 11). The first of these â€Å"long-sealed† boxes is â€Å" labelled ‘democracy’. The second is labelled ‘capitalism’. The third is ‘the rule of law’. And the fourth box labelled ‘civil society’† (Ferguson). Each one of these boxes are an important part of how our civilization works. The purpose for revealing these black boxes, Ferguson statesRead MoreThe Economic System Of A Mixed Economy System Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagescapitalist’s mode of production. The program also retain fundamental issues of capitalism such as cynical fluctuations, exploitation and alienation. Another government negative is that it decides the amount of tax on products which may lead to hike of the prices of such products hence people unwillingness to buy. Lack of price control management can cause deficiencies in goods hence bringing market imbalance. Social democracy is mostly flawed for maintaining a property-owning capitalist class whichRead MoreThe Relationship Between Capitalism And Democracy2286 Words   |  10 PagesThe relationship between capitalism and democracy has been defined by many as fundamental complementary ideologies, and social scientists have discovered an undeniable link between the two structures with some suggesting that â€Å"where either capitalism or democracy flourishes, the other must soon follow† (Reich, 2007). Currently, the main form of modern democracy is polyarchal democracy which originated from the Greek word polyarkhe, meaning ‘many rule’. This infers that multiple people within a government

Autism Spectrum Disorder and its Causes Essay - 906 Words

In 2000, one in every one hundred and fifty children was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, there has been a drastic increase on the incidents of this disorder. In 2013, according to the Centers for Disease Control, Autism spectrum disorder occurs in one out of eighty eight children. (CDC, 2013) That is a significant increase over a relatively short period of time. With such an increase, it is important to learn what autism spectrum disorder is and what might cause it. Autism spectrum disorder is the term used for a group of disorders in brain development. It is a complex disorder and symptoms usually appear before the child is age five. It is called a spectrum disorder because each person is affected differently†¦show more content†¦Although, most people with autism do develop language skills, they are generally not at a level of a typically developing person and the progress of their language development is usually slow and irregular. Another way communication is affected in people with autism spectrum disorder is the lack of nonverbal conversation skills. People who suffer from this disorder are unable to interpret nonverbal cues. The lack of this skill can make it more difficult for them to understand the full meaning of what the person is trying to convey. They might also be unable to use nonverbal gestures themselves. This can be very frustrating and can lead to misunderstandings of their true meanings. Without an appropriate w ay to get their feelings across, they may resort to screaming, and other misbehaviors. Another characteristic of autism spectrum disorder is communication difficulties. People with autism spectrum disorder often find it difficult to handle themselves socially. They can find it overwhelming to be in large groups of people. This can lead to inappropriate behavior and breakdowns. They can find it difficult to make small talk or to find an appropriate topic to talk about. Sometimes they may only talk about a topic they are interested in, leaving no room for any other conversation. Another example of communication difficulties common in autism spectrum disorderShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of Autism Spectrum Disorder1006 Words   |  5 PagesAutism is simultaneously the most familiar and least understood disorder. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as a developmental disorder that involves problems with social communication, social interaction, and repetitive patterns of behavior, i nterests, or activities. Like all disorders, there are biological, social, and therapeutic implications. Firstly, like many disorders there are several biological factors. 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Autism spectrum disorder is the term used for a group of disorders in brainRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch done on abnormal diseases to understand the causes, functions, and effects or the diseases. One of the most widely known abnormal disorders is Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism is a complicated disorder because it represents a wide range of developmental disorders categorized by criteria such as: impaired social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication breakdowns, and repetitive behaviors. Since Autism Spectrum Disorder is on a spectrum, as the name suggests, there are individuals with

Langkawi free essay sample

Back to top {draw:rect} It is less hassle if you travel by flight, airport transfer service is available for all the hotels/resorts above, If they let you wait too long, you can get a taxi (keep your bill) and claim back from your round city tour guide. If you like shopping, then take a flight is more convenient than those who go by bus and ferry. The most economic way to get there is by public transportation bus or coach. You can stop at Kuala Perlis, about 100 meters from the Jetty. You might encounter with some local travel agents there, that offer budget accommodation, our advice and experience taught us that you have to bet on the quality of service. (Few with good service nice room, but most of them provide us with an unpleasant trip). Buy your ferry ticket at the jetty, always keep your ticket in your pocket, especially when you are carrying your shopping trophies through the custom, they will ask for your ferry/bus tickets or accommodation voucher/receipt, anything that can prove you have already stayed in Langkawi for 48 hours to waive the custom duty. We will write a custom essay sample on Langkawi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By Air Malaysian Airlines (MAS) and Air Asia operate daily flights between Kuala Lumpur and Langkawi. Flights are frequent and take a minimum of fifty minutes. The Langkawi International Airport is, located at Padang Mat Sirat, about twenty kilometers from Kuah town. *Flight Schedule (Kuala Lumpur Langkawi*) * Flight Schedule (Langkawi* Kuala Lumpur) Back to top By Road The journey by road from Kuala Lumpur takes approximately six hours to Kuala Kedah and approximately seven hours to Kuala Perlis. Tourist car parks allow you to leave your cars safely behind for a minimum charge of RM15. 00 a day, while you board the Ferry Service to Langkawi, whether it is for a day trip or a couple of days. Back to top By Ferry Back to top {draw:rect} You are allow to buy 1 slot of cigarettes, 1 liter of liquor and any duty free item not more than RM500 per person. For Malaysian, you must stay at least 48hours to entitle for buying any duty free items. Ticket or voucher is required to prove that you are qualified. {draw:rect} No matter where, Im sure you can easily find a car rental there, compare the price, as more as possible, get their name card and contact them when you need the car, they will drive the car to where you accommodate (but you have to send him back). Normally the range of price is: RM40 RM70 (depends on car type and peak/low season), if you ask hotel to arrange for you then you might have to pay more (this is why we encourage you to contact the car rental service provider directly). Check the car, especially the brake before you use it. Different petrol station has the different petrol price. You can also get a motorcycle but youll definitely catch the sun, dont forget to bring along sun block to avoid sunburn, and be very careful when riding on a bike. Back to top {draw:rect} We have compared prices (chocolates and wines) everywhere in Langkawi. Jettys shopping center is one of the cheapest shopping paradise. Another advice for those who love toys, think before you buy a big toy, especially when you are to get on a ferry or bus on the way home. Back to top {draw:rect} Underwater World (included in round-city tour) by_ Cupid, CUTI reporter_ Fares are for reference only Ferry Schedule by Express Bahagia

Looks Can Be Deceiving Essays (1861 words) - Logic, Philosophy

Looks Can Be Deceiving Paradoxes are sometimes composed of contradictory ideas presented together, ultimately leading to an unworkable situation. Paradoxes, however, are not simply ambiguous questions. Paradoxes are the essence of the inherent complexity of systems (Internet 1). Each paradox must be analyzed and clearly understood before it can be explained. Since mathematics is, in a sense, a universal language, certain paradoxes and contradictions have arisen that have troubled mathematicians, dating from ancient times to the present. Some are false paradoxes; that is, they do not present actual contradictions, and are merely slick logic tricks. Others have shaken the very foundations of mathematics ? requiring brilliant, creative mathematical thinking to resolve. Others remain unresolved to this day, but are assumed to be solvable. One recurring theme concerning paradoxes is that each of them can be solved to some degree of satisfaction, but are never completely conclusive. In other words, new answers will likely replace older ones, in an attempt to solidify the answer and clarify the problem. A paradox can be defined as an unacceptable conclusion derived by apparently acceptable reasoning from apparently acceptable premises. This essay provides an introduction to a range of paradoxes and their possible solutions. In addition, a questionnaire was composed in order to demonstrate the extent of knowledge that the general population has pertaining to paradoxes. Paradoxes are useful things, despite their mind-boggling appearance. Generally, however, most paradoxes can be "solved" by searching for specific properties that they may contain. Therefore, if you try to describe a situation and you end up with a paradox (contradictory outcome), it usually means that the theory is wrong, or the theory or the definitions break down along the way. Also, it is possible that the situation cannot possibly occur, or the question may simply be meaningless for some other reason. Any of these possibilities are relevant, and if you exhaust all the possible interpretations, one of them should prove to be incorrect (Internet 1). The following type of paradox is called Simpson's Paradox. This paradox involves an apparent contradiction, because when the data are presented one way, one particular conclusion is inferred. However, when the same data are presented in another form, the opposite conclusion results. Paradox 1: Acceptance Percentages for College A and College Chart 1 Section A Section B Accepted Rejected Total Percent Accepted Accepted Rejected Total Percent Passing Women 400 250 650 61% 50 300 350 14% Men 50 25 75 67% 125 300 425 29% Total 450 275 725 175 600 775 As is evident in Chart 1, when the data are presented in two separate tables, it looks as if men are accepted more often than women, because in each case (College A and College B), men are accepted at a higher ratio than women. However, when the same data are combined into one table (Chart 2), a contradicting result is implied. Acceptance Percentage Totals for the University Chart 2 Accepted Rejected Total Percent Accepted Women 450 550 1000 45% Men 175 325 500 35% Total 625 875 1500 This table shows women actually having a higher overall acceptance rate than men. This is an example of Simpson's Paradox because it involves misleading data. Obviously, the presentation of the data is very important, and can lead to incorrect assumptions if the data are not used properly (Internet 2). Paradox 2: An Arrow in Flight One can imagine an arrow in flight, toward a target. For the arrow to reach the target, the arrow must first travel half of the overall distance from the starting point to the target. Next, the arrow must travel half of the remaining distance. For example, if the starting distance was 10m, the arrow first travels 5m, then 2.5m. If one extends this concept further, one can imagine the resulting distances getting smaller and smaller. Will the arrow ever reach the target? (Internet 3) The answer is, of course, yes the arrow will reach the target. Our common sense tells us so. But, mathematically, this fact can be proven because the sum of an infinite series can be a finite number. The question contains a premise, which implies that the infinite series will result in an infinite number. Thus, 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ... = 1 and the arrow hits the target (Internet 3). Paradox 3: Two Equals One? Assume that a = b. (1) Multiplying both sides by a, a? = ab. (2) Subtracting b? from both sides, a? - b? = ab - b? . (3) Factoring both sides, (a + b)(a - b) =

Free Essays on Glanmore

Glanmore Sonnets IV There are many important elements within any given poem. Seamus Heaney’s poem, â€Å"Glanmore Sonnets IV,† is of no exception to this idea. Poetry is, more or less, up for interpretation. Most poetry is not written like a novel; it does not tell a specific story and sometimes fails to give you all of the details you need to decipher it. A poem is there for the reader to interpret on his or her own. After recently reading â€Å"Glanmore Sonnets IV† by Heaney I have taken my own understanding of it. This perception could be completely different from any one of my classmates’ understandings, which is reasonably acceptable. To obtain an insightful interpretation of a poem’s content, many elements must be considered. Poetic terms, tone, imagery, language, situation, rhyme scheme and the title’s significance are all elements to deem important when demystifying a poem. I used to lie with an ear to the line For that way, they said, there should come a sound Escaping ahead, an iron tune Of flange and piston pitched along the ground. But I never heard that. Always, instead, Struck couplings and shuntings two miles away Lifted over the woods. The head Of a horse swirled back from a gate, a grey Turnover of haunch and mane, and I’d look Up to the cutting where she’d soon appear. Two fields back, in the house, small ripples shook Silently across our drinking water (As they are shaking now across my heart) And vanished into where they seemed to start. This poem by Seamus Heaney can be explicated through many different approaches. In my elucidation of â€Å"Glanmore Sonnets IV,† the poem can be understood through the poetic terms, situation and the larger idea. To illustrate the poem sufficiently many things must first be understood. First thing to consider to the form the poem is written in. Counting the lines can assist you in determining whether it is a narrative poem, a lyric poem... Free Essays on Glanmore Free Essays on Glanmore Glanmore Sonnets IV There are many important elements within any given poem. Seamus Heaney’s poem, â€Å"Glanmore Sonnets IV,† is of no exception to this idea. Poetry is, more or less, up for interpretation. Most poetry is not written like a novel; it does not tell a specific story and sometimes fails to give you all of the details you need to decipher it. A poem is there for the reader to interpret on his or her own. After recently reading â€Å"Glanmore Sonnets IV† by Heaney I have taken my own understanding of it. This perception could be completely different from any one of my classmates’ understandings, which is reasonably acceptable. To obtain an insightful interpretation of a poem’s content, many elements must be considered. Poetic terms, tone, imagery, language, situation, rhyme scheme and the title’s significance are all elements to deem important when demystifying a poem. I used to lie with an ear to the line For that way, they said, there should come a sound Escaping ahead, an iron tune Of flange and piston pitched along the ground. But I never heard that. Always, instead, Struck couplings and shuntings two miles away Lifted over the woods. The head Of a horse swirled back from a gate, a grey Turnover of haunch and mane, and I’d look Up to the cutting where she’d soon appear. Two fields back, in the house, small ripples shook Silently across our drinking water (As they are shaking now across my heart) And vanished into where they seemed to start. This poem by Seamus Heaney can be explicated through many different approaches. In my elucidation of â€Å"Glanmore Sonnets IV,† the poem can be understood through the poetic terms, situation and the larger idea. To illustrate the poem sufficiently many things must first be understood. First thing to consider to the form the poem is written in. Counting the lines can assist you in determining whether it is a narrative poem, a lyric poem...

Importance of Monitoring and Evaluation in Complex Projects Essay

Importance of Monitoring and Evaluation in Complex Projects - Essay Example Evaluation is there to bring these into light. As bared by Bako (n.d.) however, evaluation and evaluators are still seen as elements of managerial work that inflame one's nerves rather than challenge one for change. Managers are often confronted with questions and challenges both from inside and outside the organization about projects. Questions asked include proper use of resources, results in line with efforts, services meeting beneficiaries' expectations or not, and proper spending of money. To answer these questions, evaluations are undertaken by organizations but relevant information must be gathered systematically first, which is the process of monitoring. Large-scale infrastructure projects would even more need monitoring and evaluation efforts. Examples of complex projects involve the development of power plants, telecommunications systems, water treatment facilities, ports, urban transportation systems and toll ways. Most of these are owned by private sector developers or are partnerships with public sector institutions. They are typically capital intensive, involving tens if not hundreds of millions of dollars of investment (CRGP, n.d.). Complex projects, according Coffman (n.d.) compose of a subset of projects large enough financially to pose a significant risk to the organization if they are not conceived of and executed well. There is multiplicity of the parties involved in the planning, financing and execution of the projects. There is also at times complexity in the multiple nationalities of the parties(CRGP, n.d.). According to the World Bank, a separate administrative unit for monitoring is expedient where project objectives are complex, or with projects with multiple components. (WB 1989). The purpose is to serve the information needs of the implementing agency and so accordingly such unit should be integrated into the management structure (Ibid.). Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems should be of quality. At the outset, projects are required to design and implement plans for M&E as far as the Global Environment Facility (GEF, 2004) Council is concerned. To them, an issue with complex projects is their over-ambitious objectives in relation to available resources and the periods for implementation. Another is the unrealistic assumptions about either project problems or solutions (Ibid.). Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Monitoring is mainly an internal process carried out by those implementing the project. Preferably, monitoring should involve all stakeholders as the results need to be shared with them and fed back into implementation (www.bond.org, n.d.). Monitoring is the continuous assessment of project implementation with the main objective of providing continuous feedback (WB 1989). On the other hand, evaluation is the periodic assessment of the relevance, performance, efficiency, and impact of the project, both expected ad unexpected, in relation to stated objectives. It is intended to identify project design problems, and is essentially an internal activity undertaken for project management. (Ibidl). An evaluation is an assessment of an ongoing or completed project rendered as objective as possible. The aim is to determine the relevance and fulfilment of objectives, development, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. Information in an evaluation should be credible and useful to enable learning from the lessons incorporated for the

Participative Management - A Study of John Lewis Partnership Case

Participative Management - A of John Lewis Partnership - Case Study Example Competitors find it difficult to replicate the competitive edge acquired by such a firm over a period of time. The objective of this report is to analyze HRM principles and theoretical observations applicable to John Lewis Partnership. The report will also examine whether and where the HRM policies adopted by the company fulfill or fall short in strengthening its efforts to achieve organizational goals and attempts at suggesting remedial measures. Human Resource Management-Participative Management: The central theme of human resource management is to enhance employee performance through employee commitment (Armstrong, 1987, Storey 1995 cited in McGunnigle 2000). The right human resource management system attracts and retains the right talent, develops workforce skills, resolves or avoids conflicts and motivates workforce into a culture of commitment to achieve organizational goals (Storey 1995 cited in McGunnigle 2000). Watson et al. suggest that a culture of commitment may be induced by the application of specific practices within HRM areas such as recruitment and selection, training and development, reward systems, employee participation, involvement and empowerment (Watson et al. 1996 cited in McGunnigle 2000). Kinnie et al. ... Involvement in decision making Performance appraisal with tight links to contingent pay (Holbeche 2001 p.13) Kinnie et al. sound a word of caution when they argue that the application of specific HR policies may not have a uniformly desirable effect on all employees working in an organization. They argue that the extant debate on the links between HR policy and organizational performance has been based on the distinction between the 'best practice' and 'best fit' perspectives, both of which assume that HR policies have the same effect on all employees working in an organization. The best practice view put forth by Pfeffer (1994, 1998 cited in Kinnie et al. 2005) identifies a set of policies associated with performance improvement applicable to all industries and by implication to all employees. On the other hand the best-fit strategy proposed by Schuler and Jackson (1987 cited in Kinnie et al. 2005) and Miles and Snow (1984 cited in Kinnie et al. 2005) suggests that HR policies consistent with business strategy maximize performance. (Kinnie et al. 2005). There have been a number of references to 'participative management' within the literature on human resource management, which however must not be confused with permissiveness. According to Frohman, it is a "practical approach to solving problems and achieving performance targets by utilizing people as resources." As against the human resource approach which "aims to generate compliance and employee morale" participative management is a "quest for improved performance and quality." (Frohman 1988) John Lewis Partnership (JLP): JLP is an employees' co-operative, wholly owned by its 64,000 employee-partners. This unique democratic management model imbues the company with a corporate

Detroit bankruptcy Essay Example for Free

Detroit bankruptcy Essay The City of Detroit bankruptcy is a historical event since the city of Detroit is one of the largest cities ever filed for bankruptcy. However, the court trial will decide after considering all the facts and testimonials, if City of Detroit will qualify for bankruptcy. City of Detroit has filed for bankruptcy mainly because of financial factors such as expenditures were higher than revenues, the high level of debts and bad management. In the audit report issued for the 2012 there were many qualified and adverse opinions with regards to the financial statements. The fact that City of Detroit filed for bankruptcy, as hard as it might be, would give the city a new start and a new way of managing and thinking. This city needs restructuring and functioning under a new economic vitality. By developing new strategic plans such as new employment opportunities and offering reliable services for its residents and businesses, city of Detroit will regain its role in the economic vitality of Michigan. The economy of Detroit plays a key role in the economic development of Michigan. City of Detroit is known as the Motor City for the innovations in the auto industry but also for its goal diversifications into emerging fields such as information technology and advanced manufacturing. Encouraging advantage are the different tax incentive programs that city of Detroit offers. For example, Detroit Renaissance Zone Tax includes a waiver of city income and utility users taxes, most city property taxes, county property taxes. The program applies to businesses that will conduct business within the area and are not delinquent in any local, county or state taxes and once qualified there is no need to reapply. Should our corporation consider being part of big changes in Detroit and consider the benefit of tax incentives, I would be happy to further assist in this initiative.

Singapore Essay examples -- Philosophy, Neoliberal Ideology

In a sense, Singapore has always been driven by neoliberal ideology. In the 1960s and 1970s, Singapore’s economic competitiveness was based upon its ability to generate low-cost manufacturing assembly, its political stability, and geographical location (Yeung, 2000: 142). However, by the 1980s, Singapore was being outcompeted by other developing Asian countries, and met this ‘competitiveness crunch’ with national strategies promoting high-tech business services (Yeung, 2000: 142). Rigorous infocomm programmes were enacted as early as 1980, the IDA maintained sustained drives to promote and educate their citizens regarding ICTs. As a result of the National IT Plan (1986-1991), computer software and services industry increased its revenue 10-fold, the ICT workforce pool grew from 850 to 5,500, and the IT business and e-commerce continued to expand through subsequent programmes (iN2015 Steering Committee, 2006: 33). In 2006, Singapore boasted the highest ratio of infocomm-related patents to total patents in the world, and the iN2015 Steering Committee attributed this success to the national ICT programmes (2006: 36). More than ever, Singapore is a consumer-driven country with a prosperous economy. The infocomm initiatives purposefully drove the economy forward by encouraging business to enter the e-economy and by persuading consumers this was safe and convenient. With the specific aim of encouraging national and international companies to set up e-commerce trading centres in Singapore, the Singaporean government introduced the ‘Approved Cyber Traders’ scheme which entitled qualifying firms to pay less corporate tax (Teo, 2002: 259). A highly sophisticated electronic payment infrastructure encouraged both vendors and consumers t... ...d safeguard against fraud and theft if a strong e-commerce industry is to be fostered. Are ICTs in Singapore being used as instruments of control, and how much are they being utilised as facilitators of open democracy? Democracy relies heavily on a free press, but as Brown points out, this is compromised by neoliberalist corporate ownerships and laws shielding political officials from defamation (2006: 695). This is true of Singapore today. The state controls the broadcast media that is friendly to the government, and defamation suits dissuade journalists from publishing contentious political pieces (O’Hara, 2008: 10). In Singapore, the media coverage of political opposition has long been suppressed, primarily under the justification of ‘national interest’, an ideology of control that has driven the nation’s policy on media control (Lee and Willnat, 2006: 10).

Project Management-Transformational Corporate Strategy Essay

Overview of the case study The business environment is very competitive. Consequently, companies need to offer customers proficient and reliable service. If they do not, customers will switch to more consumer efficient companies. Furthermore, as companies grow in size, it becomes harder to keep track of the growing amount of sales and customer information. If a company does a poor job by not focusing and maintaining customer satisfaction, it can result in problems for both the company and the consumer. This study will focus on the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, more commonly known as 3M, and how it empowered its employees, improved its growth rate, customer service and sales by introducing a new approach to growth. This study also provides critical interrogation on the approaches and strategies applied by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company in its efforts to turn around the company after the loss of profit despite the reputable strong tradition of innovation culture. Firstly, the study provides critical elements of innovative methods applied in order to exploit the profitable gains from the excellent research practise. This is done by explicating innovation process that has been applied at the 3M Company  leading to innovative strategic thinking coupled with the work done on the ground. It then identifies the curative recommendations in addressing the major problems that have been identified throughout the case. The fundamental problem of the 3M Company was the inability to exploit profitable improvements by exploiting its excellent and reliable research practice to the advantage of the company. Consequently, the company could not diversify its products in relation to the demands of the fast changing and sophisticated markets at a worldwide level. The company needed to embark on a major example change without compromising its excellent research tradition but to seek turn around strategies in order to maximise its profits. Recommendations and conclusions are clearly defined and they reveal what the author thinks about being an innovative leader who is able to support employees’ in their new ideas by implementing the company culture which is supportive to all of them to produce successful projects. QUESTION 1: What are the main elements of the innovative process at 3M? Is it possible and desirable for other companies to emulate them? â€Å"Richard Lynch defines Innovation as the generation and exploitation of new ideas. Furthermore it also provides organisations with the ammunition to move ahead of the competition. He states that innovation can deliver three priceless asserts to strategic management: 1. Substantial future growth 2. Competitive advantage 3. Ability to leapfrog major competition, even dominant competitors The innovative process at 3M has usually been a focus area for the top management. The company adopted a get out of the away approach towards the product developers in return worked accordingly towards innovation, together with technicians each team had a process engineer to ensure that the product was efficiently made. ï  ¶ The whole team did not face any risk if the product has failed. ï  ¶ The product developers should pay visits in the factories and workplaces to talk to the workers to get ideas for products. ï  ¶ The developers were not given the share of product royalties as the company believed that innovation was driven by sheer love of it. But the developers were encouraged by various means like rewards for innovation and grants for innovative projects. ï  ¶ There was also a dual ladder approach that provided the senior technical persons with great career opportunities to advance without switching over to management. Some of the elements of an innovative process at 3M is a free frame, people are able, capable and freed from any restrictions. Nevertheless someone should judge, review the Innovation Process. Stage stones should be set up otherwise it is no real process. Furthermore the consistency and the success factor should beat a specific period extremely revised and reconsidered regarding implement capability. In today’s competitive industry, cost plays a big role. Innovation is perhaps one of the most words that are over used in the business world today, and some of the organisations blow the innovation trumpet preach but don’t necessarily practice. But there are organisations like 3M that do practice innovation which gives hope to the organisation as they are using innovation in their daily lives through ground breaking products & services which made the company to be in the top ten of Fortune magazine’s most admired US Company. 3M Company sticks to its innovation, If we take a step back from the Innovation process, for the process to be successful it needs an environment to encourage Innovation, below are the points of what the environment characteristics needs to be: ï  ¶ Organizations eager to take measured risks. ï  ¶Ã‚  Business leaders being able to understand technology and the application of it. ï  ¶ An organization that is exposed to change. ï  ¶Ã‚  An organization that is brave enough to see beyond the financial benefits is not made visible that quickly. ï  ¶ Processes and structures to encourage brave thinking business leaders that are able to see what tomorrow will look like The Innovation Process: (Tidd et al., 2005). States that â€Å"the ability to manage the innovation process is an essential competence of any organization, but members must first understand the workings of the process to be successful† Figure 1.1 Adapted from: O’Sullivan (Innovation Process) – 5/29/2008 â€Å"O, Sullivan further explains that† Idea generation The first stage in this perspective of the innovation process relates to the creative activity of generating an opportunistic idea. This stage involves the continuous scanning of the internal and external environment for threats and opportunities that might be developed into an innovation by the organization. This stage involves mining the sources of innovation for new ideas and evaluating solutions to identified problems. An organizational culture that encourages creativity and empowerment can significantly support this phase of the process; this is exactly the similar culture that functional at 3M Company. The input typically stems from a technical insight into a product or process. This is evident in the case of 3M, when Fry had an idea of taking a peelable  adhesive that had been developed some year’s earlier at the 3M research laboratories and spreading it to marketers, it is further mentioned in the case study that it worked well. Opportunity Recognition The second stage of the process is opportunity recognition, in which the opportunity of developing the idea into a new product, process, or service is assessed and evaluated relative to other opportunities. This phase of the process involves deciding which innovative ideas will be pursued by the organization and which are deemed outside its interest. The undertaking of innovative actions is both expensive and resource intensive for any organization, and even large organizations such as 3M. Development If an opportunity is recognized as appropriate for the organization, then the idea moves to a new stage where it can be developed further. This phase involves the development of the idea or solution into a potential innovation that is ready for launch to its internal or external market. The development of an innovation can be highly resource intensive for any organization. It also applies to Fry when his ideas worked well and requested permission to develop the product commercially and he was given an opportunity to develop a manufacturing process. Realization This phase of the innovation process relates to the launch to the market, which is where the customer makes the final evaluation of the innovation. Understanding customer needs is essential to ensure that the eventual offering to the market meets these needs. Competitive Advantage: A superiority gained by an organisation when it can provide the same value as its competitors but at a lower price, or can charge higher prices by providing greater value through differentiation which results from matching  core competencies to the opportunities. They had strong innovation and research foundation at 3M Company that has ability of adaptability, although they experienced loss before but they managed to turn around the situation. It appears that they do not have a competitor in the world with the same level as they are. Instead, there appears to be several competitors in each sector or industry in which 3M offers its products and services. Frequently, as companies grow, they tend to become more bureaucratic and less able to adapt to changes in the market or industry. To conclude I would say that 3M Company’s existing controls are very good and support their strategy. However, they should also incorporate the other missing controls to ensure greater innovation power and profitability. Looking at today’s Industries and competitions amongst them, in my opinion ,I would suggest other company’s follow the steps of 3M, the have made some mistakes but were able to turn around the situation due to their elements of innovation process. QUESTION 2: What do you think of Six Sigma? Can other companies do the same? Firstly Six Sigma is defined as a â€Å"program that is used to improve processes within the organization be it in manufacturing or production processes. Six Sigma is usually prepared at defining goals and problems, measuring existing data and processes, analysing problems and goals, improving processes or tasks and controlling how the problems will be resolved in the future. According to the research I have identified three traits from Six Sigma† I.  The advantages ï  ¶ The benefits of Six Sigma contain the improvement and development of operating processes to ensure quicker response time, quality products and services and better monitoring of performance and work outputs, which I think it is the best approach to growth for 3M since they have dropped their sales. ï  ¶ This type of an approach or model surely and possibly saved 3M Company to come up with the said results and benefits because it provides a formula in which an existing processes is checked for consistency, efficiency and effectiveness, if it fails to measure to the existing industry standards it is revised and redesigned to match the best practices . I would advise other companies to do the same because it is the model that guides the company. II.  The costs ï  ¶ The Six Sigma model also ensures that costs will be dropped because there will be limited time spent in the process and more time to work on the actual tasks which is already handy at 3M. ï  ¶ It appears time its cost is huge and that an organization has to appoint or hire a person that would guide and train top management and middle management in the principles of Six Sigma which is wise for all the companies like 3M than running their businesses at a lot, dropping sale, losing profit. ï  ¶ Furthermore Six Sigma will also empower the employees to gain knowledge as it is the model that will require trainings, yes it will be costly but with productive results at the end. III.  The risks ï  ¶ Six Sigma might also have its own risks, some organisations might not be patient but looking at its approach, it had a positive impact on the 3M Company; it also developed leadership skills and focused on customer satisfaction. Furthermore, even though the approach does wonders in the company, not all  companies of the 3M embraces Six Sigma some of these reasons are very costly training of human force, only applies to the manufacturing industry, and it is just a trend. Other companies might think that, main issue that have to challenge with is if the Six Sigma really benefits the company or  it cost the company to sacrifice the innovative and creative culture for the sake of continuous improvement of products to satisfy the customers and accelerate the financial performance. Nevertheless it proven worth it by 3M because of the rescue it has done to the company while it was falling behind. Organisational Culture: In terms of its organization culture, 3M’s Company culture is promoted to be freedom and full of excitement and anticipation. Employees enjoy being heroes. 3M Company is being innovative in its cultures and company growth, so the focus needs to be on how innovation in 3M, including working cultures and people management etc. can be replicated and benefits different areas in our daily applications Goldman, Maritz, Nienaber, Pretorius, Priilaid and Willliams (2010:94) referring to Roger Harrison’s model of organisational culture mentions that â€Å"it has various attributes with four types of culture that could be easily observed at 3M Company although one called power culture seemed to be more dominant than others. Goldman et al., (2010:95) continue their notion by saying that a person whose personality is suitable for the culture of the organisation will be more likely to succeed than the person who does not naturally fit within the organisation’s culture. The table below reveals all these cultures and their attributes. Culture Attributes Achievement culture Competence, growth, success and distinction Power culture Strength, direction, decisiveness, determination Role culture Structure, order, stability, control Support culture Relationships, mutuality, service, integration Figure 2.1: Adapted from: Goldman et al., (2010:95). Organisational cultures and their attributes. This case study has stressed some of the key activities and principles that contribute to 3M Company’s performance. Most of these are not new and are certainly used by other companies. In 3M Company’s case they may be summarized as an effective company culture that nurtures innovation and a range of management techniques and strategies that together have delivered long-term success. Most of companies pay lip service to the organisation values and practice set out in this case study. There is evidence that 3M Company supports these words with actions. 3M Company hire good people and trust them; this will bring about innovation and excellent performance. 3M Company ensured that introducing Six Sigma is a good move than at other companies. Moreover, the success of the approach is due to the continual reinforcement of its objectives. Indeed, also the performance of individuals is partly judged on whether they are able to achieve the objective. Marketing pull and Marketing push technology According to Lynch (2009:283) market pull is one of the principal sources of innovation which is customer needs analysis. Baker in Lynch (2009:293) emphasize by suggesting that innovation takes place when companies identify new market opportunities and this is how 3M Company attempted to employ market pull by introducing Six Sigma and this exposes that they had ability for creating innovation. The 3M Company business area was completely different from what Six Sigma specialised on so they were necessary forced to encourage creativity, develop leadership skills, customer satisfaction, and exploration and focus where new ideas can come from a wide variety of sources. According to Lynch (2009:283) Technology Push is technology development analysis whereby other industries are being surveyed for their technology developments and assessment of their relevance to its own. 3M Company joined forces with external companies as mentioned above in trying to introduce new approach to growth and link the internally controlled culture of technology push even though they assumed that it was market pull. Their main challenge at 3M Company is that they need to know what technologies to push so that they do not dissolve their establishments. The diagram below illustrates how the two sources of innovation should be exploited by organisation without distinction. Figure 2.2 Adapted from Lynch (2009:283) Two major drives of innovation. QUESTION 3: To what extent, if at all, does innovation matter in setting the purpose of an organisation? Yes innovation does matter in this case because; many organizations invest in innovation in order to change. Organizations put aside a percentage of turnovers to change products, processes, and services. In particular, the  objectives should be achieved because of this investment. Yet, a very large amount of innovation activities does not meet these objectives. The motives behind failure provides clue regarding how to avoid such failure in the future. In this case study the process by which the companies should apply innovation has been examined. It has been examined by making sure that employee understands the process by which innovation takes place in the work place and then improving. In this case study 3M organizations has tried to lower their innovation failure rates and move faster with the process of growth as mentioned previously above about Six Sigma, the approach to growth. Looking at the process of innovation from idea generation, through evaluation, and on to realization, you will also find customers who become evaluators of the success of an  innovation in the company and by concluding there is also key ways to improve the ability of the company or organisation by monitoring the following innovation processes: ï  ¶ Goals, Actions, Teams, Results. Goals of Innovation The principal goals required by an organization in return for this investment vary between organizations. The following have been found across a large number of manufacturing and service organizations and ranked in order of popularity, with the first goal being common to most organizations (European Commission, 1996): ï  ¶ Improved quality ï  ¶ Creation of new markets ï  ¶ Extension of the product range ï  ¶ Reduced labour costs ï  ¶ Improved production processes ï  ¶ Reduced material ï  ¶ Reduced environmental damage ï  ¶ Replacement of products or services ï  ¶ Reduced energy consumption ï  ¶ Conformance to regulations Following are the critical factors that managing technical innovation in 3M Company: a) Organization culture b) Communication and c) Management The causes of failure can vary widely depending on the individual innovation. Some causes will be external to the organization and outside its influence of control. Others will be internal and ultimately within the control of the organization. Some of the more common causes of failure in organizations can be distilled into the following five types (O’Sullivan, 2002): ï  ¶ Poor goal definition It means that organizations find it difficult to define their goals. Poor goal definition requires that organizations decide on appropriate goals for their environment and define these goals in terms that are understandable to everyone involved in the innovation process. ï  ¶ Poor alignment of actions to goals Means that organizations find it difficult to continuously link the ideas and projects they are pursuing with their goals. This is perhaps even more acute if goals are difficult to define in the first place. It also influences effective management of the portfolios of projects that the organization is undertaking to ensure they are balanced appropriately. ï  ¶ Poor participation in teams It refers to the behaviour of individuals and teams, latent knowledge of the organization, and the particular skills of individuals to contribute to the achievement of innovation. It also refers to the payment and reward systems that link individuals to goals. ï  ¶ The poor monitoring of results It refers to sharing of the status of goals, actions, and teams involved in the innovation process within the innovation team and its main stakeholders. ï  ¶ Poor communication and sense of community It relate to ineffective channels of communication and collaboration that constrain knowledge sharing and the ability of employees to participate as a broader community in the innovation process and make informed decisions when needed. Steyn, Schmikl and van Dyk (2010:66) state that knowledge delivers sustainable competitive advantage as illustrated below Leading to> Resulting to> Increased revenue Knowledge creation Technology development Experimental and emergent purpose Innovation Enhanced value added Stronger sustainable competitiveadvantage Figure 3.1: Adapted from Lynch 2009:261- An emergent approach to purpose According to Palmer and Kaplan (2007:2) Strategic Innovation is the creation of growth strategies, new product categories, services or business models that change the game and generate significant new value for consumers, customers and the corporation. According to Lynch (2009:282) innovation is the generation and exploitation of new ideas. This has helped the 3M Company to gain strength in applying lessons learnt from previous experiences like the one of losing the sales and profit. This has made them to be able to deliver what refers to as the priceless assets to strategic management such as the following: ï  ¶ Substantial future growth: The process of improving some measure of the organisation’s success which can be achieved either by boosting the top line or revenue of the business with greater product sales or service income. 3M Company able to restructure by introducing the approach to growth. ï  ¶ Ability to leapfrog major competition, even dominant competitors: Ability to conquer competition focusing on extensive promotions to highlight the distinctive benefits or features of products. 3M Company had employees who are strong in making sales and come up with high successful product â€Å"Post-it notes†. In terms of the competition, it started internally. â€Å"Every company seeks the keys to innovation, but few find them. Over the decades, 3M learned how to be innovative and today the company uses that skill to great competitive advantage.† — Jerry I. Porras, Co-author, Built to Last â€Å"Innovation is more than just a bright idea; it is an idea that gets implemented and has a real impact. In other words, somebody has to make it happen.† — Ernest Gundling, Author, The 3M Way to Innovation: Balancing People and Profit 2.  CONCLUSION It is advisable that, organisation should have its own database in order to fix or limit the problems in the company rather than running at a loss. 3M Company created their database and spent about $20 million, it in an integrated database, which stores information on customers, products, sales, inventory, and finance from all divisions and geographies. If all the organisations of the same nature can follow what 3M Company did, access can be gained to the database through a user-friendly website. Strong search which bring together related products and services from across the entire 3M Company can be easily accessed. Personnel and partners can also access latest information on product prices, availability, specifications and reviews of customer accounts. â€Å"The profitability of customers and products and the performance of partners can also be analysed across the entire company allowing better allocation of company resources. This allows 3M Company to take advantage of market opp ortunities and cross-selling opportunities and at the same time meet and customize the needs of customer segments. â€Å"(Some of the information is adapted from Harvard Business Review) 3.  BIBLIOGRAPHY ï  ¶ Ernest Gundling, Author, The 3M Way to Innovation: Balancing People and Profit ï  ¶ (European Commission, 1996): Goal Innovation ï  ¶ Goldman, G., Maritz, R., Nienaber, H., Pretorius, M., Priilaid,D. & Williams, D.2010.Strategic Management: Supplement for Southern Africa. (1st Edition) South Africa: Pearson Education. ï  ¶ Havard Business Review. Vol 75 (6): 102-103 ï  ¶ Jerry I. Porras, Co-author, Built to Last ï  ¶ Lynch, R. 2009. Strategic Management. (5th Edition). England; Pearson Education Limited. ï  ¶ McQuarrie, E.F. 1993. Customer visits. Building a better market focus. California: SAGE Publication. ï  ¶ O’Sullivan (Innovation Process) – 5/29/2008

Health Promotion Among Diverse Community - 1053 Words

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