Two Gender System Essay Example for Free

Two Gender System EssaySetting discover this boundary denies one the ability to express their versedity freely this may result in the discrimination and subordination of alternative forms of sexual practice that auberge does non deem as natural. In other words, individuals who do not classify themselves as belonging to the main types of sexual activity systems may be socially neglected and their sexuality, frowned upon. This essay will illustrate what society deems as natural and how the concept of sexuality and sexual diversity vary across cultures and historical periods. In addition, this paper will palisade that the two-sex systems embedded in our society be not adequate to encompass the full spectrum of human sexuality. The two-gender system is defined as the classification of sex and gender into two biologic categories of masculine and feminine a social boundary used to prevent people from crossing or mixing gender roles, where the society divides people into masc uline and fe manlike gender roles (Larkin, June. From lecture oct. 3, 2012). This binary system forces an individual to fit into one of the two categories of male or female.This bipolar categorizing of sexuality however does not and cannot encompass the full range of human sexuality. According to statistical analysis, it is said that out of 1,000 children born, seventeen children are intersexual (Fausto-Sterling, 2010, p. 14). The 1. 7 percent, though it is an estimate, is not a small number theses intersexual individuals will feel out of place and/or easily ill-fitting in society that imposes a two-sex system. In addition, children born with both male and female anatomies as well as genitals are more believably to develop grave psychological frameworks when forced to obey the socially real two-gender system.The genital ambiguity in newborns is seen to be a medical emergency and in most cases, the newborns undergo surgery. Psychologist Dr. canful Money further highlights this ar gument by claiming that gender identity can be changed and enforced upon up to eighteen months aft(prenominal) a baby is born (Fausto-Sterling, 2010, p. 15). In the case of John/Joan however, the sex reassignment was unsuccessful. The doctors performed the procedure on John, who then was surgically turned into Joan. The case, although codified as John/Joan, was actually about an adult male named David Reimer.David eventually turned to masculinising medication, rejected his female assignment, and committed suicide (Fausto-Sterling, 2010, p. 15). As one can learn from David Reimers case, children born with genital ambiguities are toned with confusion and psychological stress as they grow up. The two-gender system leaves no room for such people to freely express themselves and their sexuality. The patients in this case, upon being obliged to follow the decisions made by the physicians, are then expected to act natural in the gender that was elect for them.It is clear that the gender system embedded in society is not holistic enough for all humanity to truly express their full spectrum of sexuality. To void such conflicts and controversy, society should implement a wider, holistic perspective on gender and sexuality so various forms of intersexuality can be recognized and accepted as a both natural and normal way of life. Science, taking a biological approach to the topic of gender, inserts that gender and sexuality is strictly indomitable by the innate biological organs that one is born with.Ajnesh Prasad, in an attempt to supplement this argument, claims that sexual difference is commonly experienced as carve up of ontology rather than epistemology, as part of nature instead of culture (Prasad, 2005, p. 80). Other scholars however, argue for both a cultural and a historical perspective in explaining this gender ambiguity. The cultural view is related to the historical perspective in that while colonizers took over these already domesticated societies, they enforced strict cultural gender roles and sexual copulations in order to reflect what they deemed was natural.For example, when the English settlers invaded North America, they took it as one of their primary goals to colonize the way these indigenous people dealt with sexual relations and gender the western majesticismgovernance of sexual relations was central in classifying the colonizer and the colonized into spheres of distinct human kinds while policing the domestic recesses of imperial rule (Prasad, 2005, p. 81). The gender role that was enforced was one of heterosexuality the argument that men should act masculine and females, feminine.Previously existing practices that did not reflect this Westernized public opinion of heterosexuality was heavily frowned upon and neglected. This ultimately led to the subordination of other such frameworks pertaining to gender and/or sexual relations. Historical events thus as evidence from the settlement of indigenous people, renders con crete that gender is not a concept that is biologically determined, but one that implemented and reinforced through culture. Moreover, the native settlers rarely linked, biological sex, gender, and sexual activity together.These Native cultures were not divided up between heterosexuals and homosexuals as contemporary Western societies were, and in their culture, cross-working and cross-dressing men and women belonged to the other gender or to a third gender that either combined male and female features Encounters were made with male and female berdache meaning prostitute. These berdache were cross dressing, cross-working people who constituted a third gender of fourth gender in some of these indigenous cultures (Kinsman, 1996, p. 92).There were not just two gender groups, but three or four gender groups for biological females, and these alternate-gendered people were seen as combining the spirits of the other two genders (Kinsman, 1996, p. 93). Furthermore, the societal notion of wh at composes a widely accepted gender and sexual relation is extensively dependent on the culture and the fabrication of historical intervention. In conclusion, the two-gender system advocates the individuals in society to be defined as either male or female and sets limitations for individuals who do not fit into specific categories imposed on them.As a result, intersexuals or individuals born with genital ambiguity face discrimination and is forced to accept what is widely accepted as natural gender in society. Moreover, taking a scientific approach to gender, many argue that sexuality is determined by nature, what genitalia one is born with, but taking on a historical and cultural view, the issue bag to differ. As seen from the indigenous people and the way how two-spirited gender roles work in their society illustrates that the concept of gender is not singular and is determined by culture and society one is exposed in.The two-sex system enclosed in society is not adequate to enc ompass various forms of sexuality, so rather than confining ones view to societys ways, we should raise awareness for wider perspective on gender and sexuality to allow various forms of sexuality can be recognized.

Psychology and Care Plan Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Cargon Plan EssayQuestions1 Be able to assess the teaching inevitably of children or young people and repare a development plan.1.1 Explain factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development.* Progress* Improvement* Behaviours* Look at goals within care plan are they on track?* What activities they are partaking in and how well are they dealing with them.* Whether they are interested, compliant and accepting or not.1.2 Assess a child or young persons development in following areas - physical, communication, intellectual/ cognitive, social, emotional and behavioural and moral. A) Please name attached sheets of evidence (Daily academic session record and behaviour tick sheet)1.3 Explain the selection of assessment methods used. A) These methods are used to monitor mood, behaviour, what the young person has been doing during that session also the date and duration of the session, so we tail end monitor if something is a regular occurren ce on or at a certain time of day (looking for patterns).1.4 Develop a plan to meet the needs of a child or young person in the work setting. A) Please strike attached care plan1 Be able to promote the development of children or young people2.5 Implement the development plan for a child or young person according to own Role and responsibilities, taking into account that development is holistic and interconnected. * Monitor the care plan on a daily basis to be aware of any changes and implement if necessary. * If I notice certain areas of the care plan are not workings efficiently to meet the needs of the young person and could be improved upon it is my responsibility to report this back to the correct senior member of staff, so they can fall over and update if necessary. * When working with the young person if I notice any changes/ unusual behaviours to report to senior.2.6 Evaluate and revise the development plan in light of implementation. A) In reading the care plan since it was last reviewed I would advise it does need an update in regards of - * The YPs acquiring up in the morning as states that he is not good at getting up, but now is a lot better and tends to get straight up and for a shower with no issues and with little prompting. * The care plan states what the YP likes for breakfast but does not state that he also likes to make it himself. * Again stating the YP is getting better at going out and likes to go out, but doesnt state specific preferences as he particularly likes to go to the park on the swings. * In the care plan I occupy noticed it doesnt make aware that the YP finds his PECS strip useful at times or else of verbal communication and also avoids confusion with the YP * All others areas of the care plan remain unchanged at this time but will continue to review and monitor, so that any changes can be implemented asap to enable improvement and progress for the YP.2.3- Explain the importance of a person centred and inclusive progr ess and give examples of how this is implemented in own work. * To meet the INDIVIDUAL needs of the Young person to ensure they are gaining all the positive outcomes and influences just about them and developing at their individual pace. * Individual care plans of which the Young person has input * Following and adhering to the care plans* Residential meetings asking the young people if they are happy with surroundings, if not what they would like to change. * Giving the YPs choices of meals, activities and clothing to show individuality and personality2.4 Observation2.5 Encourage children or young people to actively participate in decisions modifying their lives and the services they receive according to their age and abilities.* Residential meetings* Asking likes and dislikes* Giving choices around personal hygiene/ dietary needs* Giving choice in social activities* Choice of clothing for personal identity* Supporting in finance matters, giving them a choice what to drop off their personal finances on.* Given as much choice and inclusion in decisions to meet individual needs2 Be able to act to inappropriate behaviour3.7 Explain the features of an environment or service that promotes the development of children and young people. A) Within the service to be aware through care plans of the instigate points of YPs that initiate the inappropriate behaviour B) To be aware through the care plan how best to respond to the individual to defuse inappropriate behaviour C) Use positive reinforcement and praise when individual responds well and behaviour improves, hopefully modify young person to develop and recognise themselves that the inappropriate behaviour is not rewarded or acceptable, hopefully making the occurrence of inappropriate behaviour less often.3.8 mirror image3 Understand how working practices can disturb on the development of children and young people.4.9 Explain how own working practice can affect children and young peoples development. * My varied approaches and attitude can affect the YPs mood, behaviour etc as if I appear abrupt or aggressive in manner it may cause the YP to become aggressive themselves or non-cooperative and act out. * If I do not follow care plan this may have an effect on the YP as I am not meeting their specific needs which may cause agitation as they may not be getting what they need. * If I follow the care plans and have a happy positive attitude towards the YP it is more likely they will be content.4.10 Explain how institutions, agencies and services can affect children and young peoples development. A) They can have a positive effect on development by setting guidelines and standards to follow that are suitable for the individuals needs and ensuring reviews are do regularly to keep up to date with any changes and ensuring all the services etc are working with one another with a clear exchange of teaching to be able to work towards a common goal for the best outcome for the individua ls development. B) If the above did not happen it would have a negative effect on the individual as no one could assure them that the quality of standards and individual needs are being met and this would have a negative impact on their development as structure and communication is key.4 Be able to support children and young peoples positive behaviour 5.11 observation 5.12 Evaluate different approaches to supporting positive behaviour. A) When using different approaches such as verbally praising and positive actions to reinforce positive behaviour, this encourages positive responses and outcomes enabling them to complete set tasks and activities within their care plan.5 Be Able to support children and young people experiencing transitions 6.13 Explain how to support children and young people experiencing different types of transitions. A) Being aware of the YPs fears and concerns of the transition by communicating with them. B) Explaining the reason to the YP of why transition taking place C) By providing initial support and on-going if requiredD) Accompany them during transition E) Make others aware of the concerns/ support needs the YP may have F) On-going discussions with the YP to allow them to express any fears or concerns with an on-going transition.

Starbucks Pricing and Promotion Strategies

Starbucks Pricing and Promotion StrategiesStarbucks has always been the venue one would receive the best coffees. However, in the 1970s, one had to travel solely the way to their one and notwithstanding store in Seattle Historic Pike Place Market. The name Starbucks rose from the classic American novel, Herman Melvilles Moby Dick. Thanks to Howard Schultz, Starbucks eventually expand out of Seattle in the 1990s. First to the United States and eventually out to the rest of the innovation. Now, Starbucks has more than 9000 locations in over 30 countries. non only that, Starbucks now serves espresso, lattes, Frappucino and m any(prenominal) another(prenominal) interesting beverages.MARKET TARGETINGStarbucks initially targeted youth college students, social classes, and neighborhoods that would be ready to the idea of buying a $6 coffee and spending m with friends at their stores.With rapid growth and expansion, Starbucks target market expanded rapidly to include every individual of every age. In the foreign countries, they began targeting small towns, campestral communities, ethnic neighborhoods, highway rest stops, etc.In Singapore, Starbucks started their target from the office workers who would need a good coffee while in a go to work. Following that, practically every individual of every age became their target. However, in Singapore, we still can see that only those very sociable, well-aw argon of good coffee and schoolboyish tend to hang-out at Starbucks. We rarely see the elderly or a family sitting in Starbucks for coffee.Starbucks marketing strategy involved positioning its losss as a place where consumers can spend time other than their home or work. Each of its stores was made as comfortable and relaxing as possible. Not only that, they tried to make it accessible and readily available where most people go to relax. For example, shopping malls, where most friends choose to hang-out especially the ladies. And, ladies as we all know, are very sophisticated people who would like everything good and of top-class qualityThe coffee giant achieved the comforts through comfortable furniture and relaxing music. Over the past some(prenominal) years, Starbucks also included offerings such as wireless internet, handicapped access, complimentary books, and common areas for collaboration. While Starbucks stores are positioned as locations where customers can spend time in a comfortable setting, their product lines are positioned at the higher end in regards to prices and quality.PRICING STRATEGIESStarbucks products are priced higher than most other brand coffees payable to the image its brand carries. However, they knew just how to put a higher price and yet get their targeted market to buy their coffees without thinking twice. Starbucks began to offer $1 deep 8 oz. cup of coffee, with unlimited refills that cost approximately 50 cents less than any other Starbucks products. They also implemented value strategies that emphasized more on in valuable products rather than being perceived as unaffordable to price-skittish consumers. For example, the introduction of the $3.95 breakfast pairings, including popular breakfast items paired with a coffee, and highlights $2 brewed coffees instead of the more expensive specialty drinks.When quality becomes the desire of the target market, then pricing is no longer much of an issue. That is somewhat the case for Starbucks. They have created such an capture the Starbucks experience that most of their customers go back to them for their coffees because of the ambience, comfort and their great coffee, even if they could get an almost similar coffee for half the price at some other coffee outlet.PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIESStarbucks has implemented numerous promotions to reach its targeted market. One of the promotions that Starbucks has used is the Starbucks Card. Starbucks Card is a technique that gives customers the opportunity to promote Starbuckss products through a refer ral system. When a customer purchases a gift bankers bill, it not only shows brand loyalty, but it also provides the company with free advertising, and brings in new customers. Starbucks also provides a card for corporate gross sales, which are used for extrinsic rewards to show employee appreciation for a job well done, or a gift to a client.Another promotional implementation is that they deliver coffees to offices or work places without any coffee size restrictions. There are very few or rare coffee outlets that are willing to deliver without placing any conditions or restrictions.Thirdly, they appeal to a diverse customer base by offering international teas and coffees to accommodate those customers that want a taste from home or for locals that enjoy tea.Lastly, using the aid of performing a good deed as a means for promotion Starbucks contributes to some(prenominal) non-profit organizations as a way to mitigate brand image and awareness in local communities.DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANNELSStarbucks formed some business alliances with certain(prenominal) organizations to further promote its brand. One of these alliances formed was Barnes Noble Bookstores in the year 1993. Both companies were able to promote their brand and at the same time improve their image. Starbucks also formed alliances with United Airlines in 1996 and now, their coffees are served on the United Airlines. Not only that, Starbucks has made alliances with many other organizations through which, it has improved its branding, sales and image.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTSStarbucks should continue to carry their rare and unique variety of food and drink products. New and different combinations should be take ind frequently and the products that deliver the best results should be retained and added to the permanent menu. The line of personal equipment products by Starbucks can be extended and offered at the retail level or on the companys web site. Starbucks could introduce a line o f premium fruit drinks.Starbucks could re-design its outlets at the more popular places to be larger and cozy at the same time. They could change the size of the outlet thats most popular to hold at least double the number of customers their normal outlets do. These new designs should incorporate a comfortable feel for the customer and sanction large gatherings. In the targeted areas, the new store should be able to accommodate a small conference of up to 15 people. Ultimately, what they should achieve is the ability to force business meetings, book signings and much more.Thirdly, customers can be rewarded with free cups of coffee for accumulating a certain amount of points on their Starbucks card and coupons could be issued.Another recommendation is that television commercials be shown creating a distinct difference between Starbucks and their closest competitors. The point must be driven that premium coffee shipped from around the world cannot be substituted by others.Starbucks could also sponsor events that are in line with the interests of customers who purchase premium products. This would include sponsoring professional golfing events, college games, the arts and business conventions. College students, young professional adults and those with more disposable income should be targeted.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, Starbucks has made quite a benchmark in its coffee business through paying attention marketing strategies. Despite not being very upfront in terms of its service, they still are a brand that is not comparable with any other coffee brand. This is because, the ambience and atmosphere that one finds in a Starbucks outlet is rarely found in any other coffee outlet. Not only that, their extensive and unique coffee is another very attractive marketing strategy.

Damage to the Environment Due To Living Standards

Damage to the Environment callable To Living StandardsDamage to environment is an inevitable offspring of worldwide improvement in the standard of livingThe environment is where we all meet where all have a mutual interest it is the one thing that we all sh atomic number 18. Lady biddy Johnson.The highly development of science and technology thing effects the living standard a lot. Nowadays people suffer from so many problems for event air pollution, the explosive expansion of population and the deterioration of environment. The environment is formed of the land, air and water in which people, animals and plants live. A lot of changes move out place in environment daily. Such environmental changes are affecting a persons life. Pollution is the most important factor that makes environment dirty by adding destructive nerve center to it. Pollution make imbalance in the environment and also in human beings life. It is the common problem or we toilette say it is the crisis situati on which is throe by all the world. The main types of pollutions are water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution and land pollution which continuously pollutes our surrounding. So here I would resembling to frame the light on this matter that how media, public and government put their efforts for solving the environmental issues. roughly people says that the damage to the environment is an inevitable consequence of economics development .To begin with, let us k directly what are the ca parts of environment. The causes are firstly over population, the growing population has resulted in over use of the natural resources identical tree, land, water, air, petroleum etc. Secondly, the cutting down of more and more trees causing forest area decreasing and species are extinct. During the process of minelaying people cut forests on a large scale and degrade the land as well as forests. The farmers also adopting shift farming techniques receivable to which they cuts down the forest land. In shift farming technique, farmers cut a small piece of forest land for cultivation. They grow crops in that land for a short time(i.e. for 3 to 4 months) and then cut their crops. Then they move to a nonher place in the forest and cut trees for another crops. this shifting up of farming is known as shift farming. Due to this reasons the whole food ecosystem of forest disturbs and leads to the extinction of species. Cutting down of trees also lead to climatic changes and dismission of green house gases. Another cause which adversely affected the environment is industrial development and green revolution .Many large scale industries emit harmful gases which causes many diseases such as lung cancer, cutis cancer and asthma problemsTo add on further, in that respect are also other causes of pollution ie depletion of ozone layer. Due to increase in the quality of CHLORO FLOURO carbons, the ozone layer depleting. Ozone layer protect us from the ultra violet rays which are comi ng from the sun. This layer absorbs the UV rays and protect us. As the smoke coming out from vehicles and industries, refrigeration and air conditions and use of harmful products slowly being destroy ozone layer. The depilation of the ozone layer could result in skin diseases and also have a great effect on our eyes .However, the increase in pollution has resulted in global warming. The sudden rise in the average temperature of air and sea on earths surface is known as global warming. There are so many causes of global warming. When oil, gas, dodo fuels and coal burns, the carbon in it combines with air and which increase the temperature of air and sea on the earth surface. In developed countries, coal is used in a wide level to produce electricity .So when coal burns it produces lot of harmful gases which was absorbed in the oxygen and air .In Australia and England the greenhouse gasses mostly comes from the burning of fossil fuels and coal as both are the main source to produce electricity. It is recorded that Australia uses 77% of coal to produce electricity. Because of this reason the ice-caps in the Polar regions would pass off and it would result in the rise of the water level of seas and oceans. A time entrust come when the whole earth submerge in water. At last, callable to overgrazing, soil erosion, acid rain, landslides, volcanic eruption pollutes the environment. we know Their is no doubt that there are number of causes which are the huge problem for the environment. But now there is need of sustainable development Today in this era, with the efforts of our young generation, scientific techniques, public, media and the rules of the government playing a significant role to not repeal but handle the problems of our environment. Out of these, media plays a vital role in the field of environmental issues .2In developed countries and urban areas, the use of print, broadcast and internet media can be a great way to increase education and awareness by working with the media, government agencies and non profit organizations can help spread their meat, either by holding press briefings, issuing printed press releases, or even setting up online databases that can be used as information centres. nurture centres can also help to both the public and journalists about environmental issues. Media also arrange awareness programs in rural area where people are illiterate and do not know about how to save our environment. They can also make some small movies in which they can send message to society for saving our environment, make some agendas like save water and plant more trees. They must contain some knowledge about floriculture so that they can use appropriate methods and techniques instead the use of fertilisers and pesticides which pollute not even the crops but land also. The main purpose of media is firstly, they provide the tidings about the problems which are facing the people in the world. Another motive is, to helps to educate the people about environmental issue by creating educational campaigns, fork over operations, programs like dramas and serial which helps the people to aware.Furthermore, 30% of the worlds population is under the age of eighteen, according to UNEO, which is why educating children and young adults about environmental problems is crucial to long-term success. This will help them foster a sense of responsibility so that when they becomes adults they will make choices that help the environment rather than harm it. Many school, however, do not currently teach their students about environmental issues. Integrating environmental education into current science classes or teaching environmental science as a separate discipline is one of the best ways to educate children and teens about environmental problems, particularly if the classes involve some sort of hands on learning, like to make small gardens and watering the plants or caring for an animal3.Public should know about the env ironmental issues and put some steps to clean and save our environment. Celebrities should also put their efforts and participates openly with the public to aware them. People should complained to police if someone in their locality pollutes the environment. Every person in this world have to put some efforts and performed hisher duty to solve this problem. Like a forestation should be done on large scale and people should use public vehicle instead of clannish vehicles. Water treatment plants should be installed in all industrial areas. Garbage should be thrown in proper place. Water which we used for washing vegetables may be used to watering the plants in the garden. Hunting should be banned for the safety of animals. Last but not the least, reduce, reuse and recycle should be our mantra preferably of it, government can also play unique identity in improving the environmental issues in every country such as there should be strict law if people pollute environment. If some poll ute the environment, then fines would be charged so that they cant ever repeat the said(prenominal) mistake in future. Environment education should be compulsory in all the fields of education. Laws for industrial units should be strictly implemented so that begrime water is not disposed off directly into rivers and lakes .So Government should also ban the use of plastic bags. In all rural areas there should be proper sewerage and purifier water treatment plants for saving the water. Wildlife sanctuaries should be established for the protection of animals and forests.By winding up the idea, it seems to me that environmental problem is the worrying strike and individuals have a primary role in joining hands with the government in saving environment.Humans are responsible for a sort of environmental problems, but we can also take steps to reduce the damage that we are causing to the planet. This essay discuss environmental problems and the measures that governments and individuals can take to cope up with these problems. Gas emissions from factories and exhaust fumes from vehicles lead to global warming, which may have a serious effects on the planet in the future. so our life is in our hands we have to think before use.References1.global warming(only definition)-http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming2, 3-in this i use my B.sc- 1st semester book ie environmental studies

The Health And Safety Hazards Risks Of Employees Health Essay

The health And safety Hazards Risks Of Employees health Essayoccupational wellness and Safety is a look into with broad scope involving some(prenominal) specialized fields. In its broadest sense it aims at the promotion and maintenance of the highest period of physical, mental and societal intumesce cosmos of take formers in every occupations. More specific each(prenominal)y, Occupational Health and Safety encompasses the social, mental and physical well macrocosm of campaigners, that is the whole person.With the alarming number of work-related sicknesses, affections, injuries and disasters, the protection of workers against these has been found snappy in the historical mandate of the International Labour Organisation (ILO guidelines 2001). The ILO celebrates world day for Health and Safety at Work on the 28th of April for each one course of study in the memory of workers who died at their work holding all over the world. One of ILOs goal is thus to boost opportu nities for employees in order to obtain the right way and productive work. Decent work means guard work- a positive factor which hobo boost up productivity and hence slip by to sparing growth.In this modern era, technological advancement and fierce competition bring prompt changes in the conditions of work, work processes and the organization. It plenty be noted that though ordinance is crucial, it is insufficient to keep pace with current hazards and essays. This is why it has been found necessary to take into account the guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health direction Systems (OSHMS) which base indeed support this effort.With the introduction of the Occupational Safety, Health Welf be coiffe of 1988(OSHWA 1988) which came into force in May 1989, followed by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 2005(OSHA 2005) which was proclaimed on 1st September 2007 and replaced the OSHWA 1988, wellness and golosh entered another dimension by binding the state. Health a nd sentry go started to gain more love in the agendas of the various stakeholders namely the Government, the employers, the employees and their trade unions, the non-governmental organisations as well as educational and pedagogy institutions. It is an undeniable fact that this has posed a need for creating health and safety aw arness among the employees and employers and consequently leading to a continuous decrease in the number of work related accidents and illnesses among the Mauritian and foreign workers. In many organisations in Mauritius, thither is a reactive approach to health and safety that is taking action to prevent the recurrence of an undesired event, comply with existing health and safety and other legislations. However, in other organisations such as the Pamplemousses/Riviere Du Rempart regularize Council (PRDC) health and safety is being dealt in a pro-active, effective and challenging way, that is, risks argon being identified, assessed, and controlled before the first adverse event. Furthermore, health and safety is an integrated part of the management systems whereby at each level of management, health and safety is being looked with the same consideration as other organisational activities.1.2 Problem StatementLot of emphasis has been put on the attribution of adverse health consequences and lack of safety arising from work. While the number of oeuvre injuries, illnesses and death atomic number 18 change magnitude, there is considerable evidence that these inform rates atomic number 18 under- considers of the actual numbers of injuries and accidents. Dembe (2005) go forthlines that workplace injuries and illnesses shanghai those injured or ill in impairment of physical impairment, functional limitations, lost wages and hence limiting the workers ability to do their job conveniently. With calculate to the nature of work, it has been found necessary to note that individuals atomic number 18 chronically expose to adverse psy chosocial running(a) environments (Bosma et al, 1998 Hemingway and Marmot 1999 Belkic et al, 2004). Job position is a major concern specially when dealing with manual baseball gloveling. More specifically, regular moving of components from stores or lorries or while lifting difficult loads, workers can suffer from cover charge pain, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular complaint and so on. For instance, the workers employed in the scavenging department at the PRDC atomic number 18 expose to a series of hazards which can in turn lead to accidents if precautionary stripes are not taken. It can be noted that though scavengers are provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), they do not use them efficiently. But the fact remains that there is no meet hygiene and comfort as they have to practically linger in the urinate offs disposed at the back of the lorry. To some extent, lack of training and poor supervision might be the incurs of the workers carelessness. Nev ertheless, we cannot disregard the fact stated by Olsen and Lindee (2009) that the transfer of technology can increase the risks of new failures, misuse, accidents and unhealthy workplaces.1.3 blueprint and Objectives1.3.1 AimThe aim of this study is to evaluate the health and safety risks and hazards present at the PRDC baulk hookup section and hence provide recommendations for mitigatement.1.3.2 ObjectivesThe set objectives areTo identify risks and hazards present in the PRDC abandon collection section and assess the measures in place including policies and procedures.To assess the importance of safeguarding Health and Safety at the District Council.To determine the level of Health and Safety awareness.To evaluate the Occupational Health and Safety Management System in place at the PRDC.To propose recommendations to improve Health and Safety in the working environment at the PRDC.1.4 Research QuestionsDoes the District Council have a proper set of policies and procedures?Are the employees aware of the Health and Safety Policy and procedures of the organization and the different arrangement in it?How much is management committed towards the Health, Safety and Welfare of its employees?Does the PRDC undertake Risk Assessments and keep proper records as well as monitoring of progress and action taken to eliminate risks and hazards?What are the benefits brought to the PRDC by the implementation of OHSMS and bulwarks encountered in its implementation?CHAPTER 2 literary works REVIEW2.0 Introduction to the chapterIn modern society, the collection of waste is often taken for granted. People put waste out and expect that its gone deep down a day, without even realizing how it is collected. However, for those who collect waste, the reality of the location is very often different. Waste is an obvious public health hazard and waste collection is a very hazardous task to undertake.There are a multitude of challenges that face Local Government worldwide in this ne w era quick evolving technologies, managing staffs, forming partnerships by engaging new citizens, delivering services, lack of finance, dealing with health and safety issues at work and socio-economic demographics are some relevant examples. Aram (2009) strongly believes that developing countries are often exposed to exploitation since they lack safeguards and expertise that prevent ill-treat to workers. He even elaborates on the fact that previous efforts to address workplace hazards in these countries have practically failed.East Cambridgeshire District Council faces mainly the issue of air pollution. Similarly, more urban districts in Cambridgeshire have encountered air quality problems resulting from massive push back vehicle emission. It is necessary to monitor the adverse health issues in this modern era arising in the course of work. Ongoing research efforts are required regarding the order of health effects associated with working conditions (Smulders et al.1996 Lavis et al.2001). For instance, an employer may implement design controls with the aim of eliminating a safety hazard and thus increasing productivity without even considering the get up value of health benefits. Notwithstanding these studies, clear opportunities exist to improve health and safety of workers through the improvement in work environment.2.1 Definition of technical termsWhen we refer to hazards in relation to Occupational Safety and Health, the around commonly used definition is a hazard is a potency source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or persons.Risk is the likelihood that a person may be harmed or suffers adverse health effects if exposed to a hazard.An Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) is defined as a framework whereby all hazards are identified, health and safety risks are controlled and the potential occurrences for accidents are reduced in a particular organization by move in place all the existing control measures and continu ally improving its performance. In other words, the content and scope of OHSMS is determined by the identification and hazards and implementation of corresponding measure or simply evaluating the measures already in place (Mearns K. and Flin R.).An Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Program is a definite plan of action designed to prevent accidents and occupational diseases/injuries.An Occupational Health and Safety Policy is a statement of principles and general rules that serve as guides for action.Safe work practice is a write instruction outlining the preferred method of performing a task/ exertion whilst emphasizing ways to minimize any risk(s) or hazard that makes a safe system of work(University of Wollongong, 2011).In developing countries, refuse collection is characterized by a dominance of manual handling tasks. According to National Occupational Research Agency, an estimate of 122, 000 workers are employed in waste collection (NORA, 2009). However, refuse collectors ar ound the world are at risks for occupational illnesses and injuries (Kuijer et al., 2010). They have a higher(prenominal) risk of smutty occupational injuries than the general workforce (Dorevitch, 2001) and they account for about 80% of all reported injuries (HSE).Until recently, relatively little research has focused on the hazards in the waste industry, even though waste collection is a high-hazard job with a fatality rate 10 judgment of convictions that of all workers (Drudi, 1997). Collecting waste has long been recognized to be a dirty and physical work. However, it is among the most fatal occupations.The collection of solid waste has been found to be among the highest risk occupations in the United States (Englehardt et al., 2001). As refuse collection is done manually in Mauritius, the refuse collectors have direct contact with waste and are and so exposed to infectious micro-organisms, toxic materials and other harmful substances. They are exposed to an extensive variety of health risks and hazards. Refuse collectors are working in a hard, insecure and poor working condition with a lack of work protection equipment. However, the actual risk may be largely underreported since this population of workers has not been well studied.2.2 Health and Safety hazards and risks among refuse collectorsHealth and safety problem is an inevitable characteristic of the scavenging department. By its nature and variety of activities, scavenging has a bundle of hazards and unsafe situation and therefore refuse collectors are very much exposed to accident, workplace injuries and diseases.Scavenging is a wear out process involved in the initial collection and process of recoverable materials (Loan 2002). In other words, scavengers collect materials that have been discarded as waste and add value to them by sorting, cleaning, and altering the physical shape to alleviate transport. Scavenging has some detrimental effects on the refuse collectors as they live in unhygien ic conditions and the nature of their occupation exposes them to potentially pathogenic bio-aerosols that may lead to the spread of various diseases. Eye irritation, respiratory diseases, skin diseases, minor injuries from stepping on broken bottles or sharp objects in the refuse, backache from bending down most of the time and headaches arising from working in the sun are some examples. Offensive odours in waste disposal come outs and the abundance of fleas, along with the lack of personal protective equipment, make working conditions even more unhygienic. Rag-pickers collect plastics, paper, cardboards, cans, glass bottles, rubber materials, ferrous and non-ferrous metals from public places, streets, dump sites or landfills can be risky as they are exposed to various infectious agents (Ray et al, 2004) and toxic substances that may cause illness. At times, they may face social abuse from certain elements of society, which may lead to social problems and hence creation of greater possibility that they get engaged into the consumption of alcohol and cigarette smoking.From a study carried out in Thailand, it can be noted that the physical health problems of scavengers undertaking routine work, are low back pain and sprains, common colds, and skin rashes. Other problems include headaches, fatigue and gruffness of breath. Some scavengers do not use PPE and thus risk their health while some eat food found at the dump site which can pose a serious problem to their own well-being. Scavengers with low levels of education have more work-related accidents (Khalil and Milhem, 2004).All workplaces have hazards and risks. Hazards can cause harm, flaw and can even lead to fatal accidents. Occupational Health and Safety is therefore a very essential part of every workplace as in most cases employees lives depend on it. Below are hazards that refuse collectors are exposed to chemical hazardsBiological hazardsPhysical hazardsErgonomic hazardsPsychosocial hazards2.2.1 Chemi cal hazardsChemical hazards among refuse collectors arise from contamination with harmful chemicals like disinfectants, cleaning products and pesticides. It can be noted that these chemicals exist in form of solid, liquid and gas which can contaminate human body at the point of contact (NIOSH, 1985). Some of the common chemicals found at hazardous waste sites include asbestos, aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, hydrocarbons, healthy metals, herbicides, insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (NIOSH, 1985). These chemicals are associated with cardiovascular, dermal, gastrointestinal, neurologic and respiratory effects and cancer (NIOSH, 1985)There is enough evidence that dust also represents a potential hazard to refuse collectors on site. In 2002, Krajewski et al. conducted a study in Poland so as to assess occupational exposure among workers employed in the municipal waste collection and the results revealed that workers were exposed to highest dust concentration on sites of refus e collection.Refuse collectors are also exposed to vehicle exhaust fumes which may contribute to respiratory problems (Hansen et al., 1997). Furthermore, the engineering design of the refuse collection truck may cause several potential health hazards to the workers. We should note that the location of the exhaust pipes on most refuse collection trucks directs the fumes towards the work area and this can eventually result in over-exposure to carbon monoxide (Cimino, 1975).2.2.2 Biological hazardsIn 2006, a go off was carried out by Lavoie et al., in Canada among refuse collectors and the results showed that they are highly exposed to airborne bacteria and fungi (bio-aerosols). Most of the time refuse collectors come across medical wastes which are often encountered in hospitals, health centres and medical laboratories. Wastes generated from health care activities, more specifically, discarded syringes, needles, cotton swabs and other types of infectious waste are often not segregate d. As a result, they are disposed in normal bins. These wastes contain infectious materials that can cause diseases, if exposed to (Morton, 2010).A cross-sectional study was conducted by Rachiotis et al., 2012 among 208 Municipal Solid Waste Workers of a municipality in Central Greece in order to assess the prevalence of Hepatitis B (HBV), risk factors for infection and ways of virus transmission among them. The result demonstrated that occupational exposure to waste is a executable risk factor for HBV infection since prevalence of HBV infection was found to be 23%.Medical waste contains a huge variety of pathogenic microorganisms (Morton, 2010). Pathogens in infectious waste may enter the human body in several routesBy ingestionBy inhalationThrough the mucous membranesThrough a puncture, abrasion or cut in the skin soil sharps, mainly hypodermic needles are probably the waste items that represent the most acute potential health hazards. This may expose refuse collectors to commun icable disease risks, including blood-borne viruses such as Hepatitis B and C and HIV (Morton, 2010). Moreover, sharps can cause cuts and punctures and as a result infect these wounds if they are contaminated with pathogens. Sharps are therefore regarded as a very hazardous waste class.2.2.3 Physical hazardsSlip, trip and worsening risksSlip, trip and falls are common in almost all occupations, including refuse collection. The results from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) Program carried out by the U.S Bureau of Labour Statistics showed that fatal slips, trips and falls took the lives of 666 workers in 2011. The fact that scavenging task is carried out regardless of the weather conditions or slippery surface caused by rain, refuse collectors are often victim of slips and falls if enough attention is not remunerative to the surface on which they are walking.Uneven paths, manhole covers and drains are potential tripping hazards, especially if refuse collectors are in a haste to complete the task. In addition, hurrying can also lead to refuse collectors endangering their lives by falling while climbing onto the back of the lorry to accelerate the loading. Refuse collectors suffering from a slip, trip or fall at work can result in pain and lead to a long-term disability, depending on the severity of the hurt. noiseExposure to noise at work can be detrimental to workers health and it can even increase the risk of accidents (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2005). Scavenging task takes place during peak traffic hours most of the time, thus refuse collectors are exposed to noise. The workers usually work on roads with heavy traffic and in vicinity of noisy machinery. However, very often, the collection truck itself is the cause of noise problem. Annoyance due to road traffic noise created from beeping of horns by car drivers was found to be among the highest noise factors (Chowdhury et al., 2012)Animals and Insects BiteDuring waste col lection, refuse workers often come across animals like dogs, cats, insects or stings which represent a potential danger to them. The refuse collectors are exposed mostly to dogs while collecting domestic wastes. Since dogs are very territorial, especially when stranger enters their property, this can result in violent personal attacks.Moreover, both insects and rodents represent an occupational and public health hazards. Contact with rodents therefore can result in bites and this can lead to loss and swelling in the injured area and can even cause an allergic reaction. Insects and rodents can thus transmit diseases to workers by bites or by confirming contact.Ergonomic HazardsManual HandlingThe task of refuse collectors consists of extensive heavy lifting as well as other manual handling of containers and thus increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (Rushton, 2003). Manual handling has been defined by the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 as any transporting or supporting of a load, including the lifting, putting down, pushing, carrying or moving thereof by hand or bodily force.The Health and Safety Executive(HSE) records show that more than a third of all accidents reported are injuries occurred from work and thus workers being absent for more than 3 days are related to manual handling at workplace. It can cause injury in the short term through accidents and in the longer term damage from bad handling techniques.Manual handling includes any activityInvolving forceful and repetitive movements.Where the person always maintain constrained and awkward postures.Examples of Manual Handling Activities include*Figure 1 Manual Handling Activities* offset esvhealthwatch.vic.gov.auThe common types of manual handling injuries are as followsArm, shoulder and wrist injuries.Back injuries caused by unstable and heavy loads.Chronic pain.Hernias and strain injuries.Injuries caused by lengthen repetition of work (for example, a refuse collector continuall y collecting refuse).The above mentioned can affect an individuals quality of life and also his ability to work. The greet of ill-health will therefore depend on the nature and extent of disease and illness that is prevalent.Preventing Manual Handling InjuriesOSHA requires all employers who have a legal office against employees to provide them with a safe and healthy workplace.The National Standard for Manual Handling requires that all tasks involving Manual Handling at a particular workplace should be identified and risks and likelihood of injuries should be assessed accordingly.Appropriate control measures should be introduced where there is a risk of injury.Provision of adequate and sufficient training in the safe techniques and methods of manual handling and lifting.Musculoskeletal DisordersMusculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent one of the principal causes of occupational injury, illness and disability within many countries and various occupations (Mehrdad et al., 2008)MSD s are one of the most frequent work-related injuries among refuse collectors due to the heavy lifting, pushing, pulling and carrying activities involved in their daily duty of refuse collection (Ijzelenberg et al., 2004 Keyserling, 2000 Hoozemans et al., 2004)A check over conducted in 2008 by Mehrdad et al. among a group of municipal solid waste collectors in Tehran revealed that the symptoms of MSDs experienced by the workers were low back (45%), knees (29%), shoulders (24%), upper back (23%) and neck (22%).Moreover, studies reveal that MSDs among refuse collectors are higher than most of the other workforces. Abou El Wafa et al., carried out a cross-sectional study in 2012 among 120 refuse collectors at the Western Municipality of Mansoura City, Egypt with a comparison group of 110 male service workers at the University in order to assess the percentage of musculoskeletal complaints and their possible risk factors among the refuse collectors. The result showed that musculoskelet al complaints were higher among the refuse collectors (60.8%) than the comparison group (43.6%).Lifting loadRefuse collectors and store workers are often engaged in carrying and handling loads without proper lifting techniques which eventually causes stress on the back and musculoskeletal system. Repetitive actions worsen the situations. Some examples of handling loads would be lifting, pulling, carrying, pull and holding. Handling load is classified as heavy work which involves dynamic and static work.In a study carried out by Olaogun et al (2002), their findings reason that workers who are often engaged in lifting heavy objects were mostly afflicted by Low Back Pain. It was also reported that between 80% and 90% of all back pain is caused by faulty postural habits. The knowledge of how to prevent back pain was generally poor among the respondents.Costs of Back InjuriesThe most common injury is to the back and it can be very painful. If, a workers job involves heavy manual labour then back injuries can surely damage his job prospects. In Mauritius back pain is among one of the major occupational disease. For instance, all cases of occupational and work related diseases diagnosed in hospital (Ministry of Health 2009) shows the result being 37% and 39% in 2007 and 2008 respectively.It should be noted that measures taken to lessen or eliminate the problem of back pain can bring a lot of benefits to an organization (Managing sickness absences and returns to work 2005). Such measures areBetter workplace relations.Improved business performances.Safe and healthy workplaces. safekeeping of valued staffs.Reduced compensation and rehabilitation costs.Psychosocial HazardsViolence at workHSE defines work related violence as any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work.The most common causes of violence at work are personal conflicts, frustration due to work load and poor working conditions and environment. H owever, violence at work can lead to other problems such as minor injury, major injury and even fatal injury. Violence to refuse collectors can cause pain, distress, disability or even death. Nevertheless, serious or persistent verbal abuse can be a significant problem as it can pose serious complication to refuse collectors health through anxiety and stress.StressStress at work is the reaction of workers when work load and pressures become beyond their normal capability and becomes difficult for them to deal with (Semmer, 2007).Most of the employees encounter stress to a certain degree in their daily work environment. Work related stress causes a negative impact on employees leading to poor physical and mental health state. According to the statistics of Health and Safety Executive (2005), over 500, 000 workers in United Kingdom advocated that their illness were due to stress at work and 15% of all the working population confirmed that their work was enormously stressful. However, it is widely acknowledged that work related stress is linked to elevate sickness absence, higher labour turnover and early retirement (Kerr et al., 2009)2.2.6 Road AccidentsRefuse collectors have to collect wastes from both sides of a street. Their task involves climbing on and alighting from trucks, carrying trash containers and so on. sometimes garbage causes obstruction which prevent their ability to see approaching vehicles and thus result in accident (Drudi, 1997). According to the National Solid Waste Management Association, in 2008 there were 31 refuse collectors killed on the job in Florida. The statistics from the HSE between 2001 and 2006 shows that 513 refuse collectors suffered over 3 days workplace transport injuries. This implies that their injuries from the accident were serious enough for they were given three days sick leave.2.3 Occupational DiseaseAccording to the Protocol of 2002 of the Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155), the term Occupation al disease refers to any disease contracted as a result of an exposure to risk factors arising from work activity. Occupational diseases are the icebergs that challenge occupational health and safety experts. The number of cases of occupational disease reported for statistical surveys is just the tip of the iceberg. It should be noted that refuse collectors experience a variety of adverse health effect. The situation of refuse collectors in different developing countries is comparable as they are exposed to all risks than their counterparts in developed countries. A survey carried out in Bethlehem and Hebron Districts, among 209 refuse collectors revealed that they faced work related disease such as sore throat, diarrhea, shortness of breath and skin disease (Milhem, 2004). base on Health Studies of refuse collectors carried out in India, tuberculosis, bronchitis, asthma and pneumonia are the most frequently experienced diseases among waste pickers (Huisman, 1994).2.4 Occupational InjuryOccupational injury is defined as sudden, anticipated, and undesirable events during work, leading to harm or damage to at least one part of the body (Poulson et al., 1995). The job of waste collection is associated with a high risk of occupational injury and most often injuries among waste collectors was the back, followed by the knees, hands, and feet (Ivens et al., 1998). A study by Bourdouxhe et al. (1993) reported an even higher rate of injury among waste collectors 74% of the waste collectors in municipality companies and 57% in private enterprise.2.5 HousekeepingOne essential component of good working conditions is good housekeeping. It helps to the prevention of occupational injuries and diseases. Good housekeeping also includes everyday cleanliness, tidiness and good order in all parts of the workplace and is eventful when it comes to good safety practice. The fact that housekeeping is a maintenance task therefore it cannot be achieved without the participation of ev eryone in the workplace.Hazards associated with poor housekeepingSlips, trips and fallsObjects fall from above causing injury to workersStriking against unwanted sharp edges of objects causing injuryCrushing injuriesIn America, around 300,000 disabling injuries occur every year resulting in death of 1400 workers. 15-20% of workers compensation claims are owing to slips, trips and falls at workplace. The United States Bureau of Labour Statistics (2012) declared 303,800 fall injuries at place of work in 2000. 15% of death is caused by slips, trips and falls at workplace.2.6 Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE) is intended to protect individuals from the risks and injury creating a barrier against workplace hazards. PPE is not a substitute for good engineering controls, administrative controls or good working practices. Instead, it is used in conjunction with these controls to ensure the safety and health of workers. PPE should be used when it has been deter mined as its use will lessen the likelihood of occupational injury and/or illnesses when other protection methods are not available. PPE should always be worn when working with hazards.PPE that refuse collectors should normally wearHand protection (gloves)Respiratory masksOverallSafety bootsSafety helmetsThe agency of Labour Statistics of America (2012) revealed that 333, 272 eyes injuries were reported as occupational in the year 1985. Another study in connection to disabling injuries showed that there were 32, 000 hand and finger injuries, 70, 000 eye injuries, 70,000 head and face injuries and 110, 000 food and toe injuries in 1987. These figures represent 31.7% of the estimated 1, 800, 000 total disabling work injuries for the year 1987.These reports which were examined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administrator department in America show that in only those cases where a worker was injured werePersonal Protective Equipment was not being worn the vast majority of time.S ome types of the protective equipment worn by the worker did not protect him fully.The importance of preventive measuresAccording to research conducted on Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders as part of the Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder Consortium with the National Institute of Occupationa

billy budd Essay -- essays research papers

baton Budd & Typee takes place around the late 1700s. Billy Budd is assigned to The British naval ship H.M.S. Bellipotent from his previous ship the Rights-of-Man, a merchant ship. Billys commanding officer, Captain Graveling, doesnt want to let one of his best men go, but has does not have choice in the face of the superior ship. Billy packs up his gear and follows the officer of the Bellipotent. After Billy gives a good-bye to his aging ship mates, He settles in quickly among the company of the Bellipotent. He is useful and eager in to work, and is assigned to foretopman and gets to know more experienced sailors.Billy is in truth upset by the sight of a violent wiping given to one of the ships crew. Hoping to avoid a this kind of punishment, Billy works harder at his duties, but finds himself not measuring up to certain officers. So Billy goes to get advice from the Dansker, an older, more experienced sailor. After explaining the situation to him, the Dansker tells Billy that C laggart, the master-at-arms, holds a grudge against Billy. Refusing to accept this, Billy dismisses the Danskers opinion but continues to debate his situation.Later, at a lunchtime, Billy accidentally spills his soup pan in the ships dining room after a explosive shake of the ship. The soup trickles to the feet of the passing Claggart, who makes an light hearted remark about the spill. The rest of the men la...

HP CD Burner Lawsuit :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

HP CD Burner LawsuitHewlett-Packard Hits Legal Snag all over Its CD Burners in GermanyCompact Disk burners have been a controversial product for the last several years because of there ability for making pirating of calculating machine softw are and unison CDs a very easy operation. The Hewlett-Packard Corporation has become the first major company to be attacked by the German Law which requires firms to pay fees for making CD burners which in turn can be used for pirating music CDs from music illegally downloaded from the internet. The music Industry estimated that approximately five billion dollars in sales revenue was lost last year due to the pirating of music CDs. Many other European countries have laws similar to Germanys that are meant to protect the authors and musicians legal ownership of their work by punishing the people who score the equipment used to carry out pirating activities. Although a problem is that these laws were created quite sometime ago and wer e aimed at such things as tape recorders and video players. Germanys wooing against HP is the first time we have seen these older laws being put against modern day technology. What needs to be examined in this case is the distinct inequality that this new pirating has. Unlike the past the majority of the pirated CDs are created for personal use and not sold on the black market. People are downloading music from such programs as the infamous Napster and creating their own CDs, which results in a zero profit for the music industry. HP was ordered by the German government to pay a fee of 30 marks or $12.